Medical Disease

Please Click here And LIke

2010-10-07T11:08:00.000-07:00

Please Click here And LIke

HELP! I’ve Been Diagnosed with Bladder Cancer

2010-04-11T15:18:00.000-07:00

HELP! I’ve Been Diagnosed with Bladder Cancer

If you have been diagnosed with bladder cancer, you may feel isolated and alone. However, you are not alone. According to the National Cancer Institute, the year 2008 brought about 123,200 new case of bladder and kidney cancer. It is the 4th most common type of cancer in men and the 8th in women.

The Bladder:
The bladder is a hollow organ in the lower abdomen near the pelvis. The sole function of the bladder is to store liquid waste (urine) until it can be passed from the body. It acts in much the same way as a balloon does. It will stretch out when being filled and shrinks when emptied. The process of emptying the bladder has the urine travel down a small tube called the urethra before exiting the body.

3 Types of Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer begins in the bladder and comes in three distinct types: transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma.
• Transitional cell carcinoma lies in the innermost tissue of the bladder.
• Squamous cell carcinoma begins in the cells of a bladder after a prolonged infection or irritation.
• Adenocarcinoma begins in the cells after a long-term inflammation or irritation of the bladder has occurred.

What are the Treatment Options?
Treatment for bladder cancer is similar to other cancers. Surgery, radiation and chemotherapy are often the recommended treatments. There are also clinical trials being conducted that test new types of treatments and their effectiveness.

Surgery
Many cancers of the bladder require surgical removal of the cancer cells. This may mean partial or full removal of the bladder. When an oncologist removes the entire bladder, the procedure is called a radical cystectomy. Whether you receive a partial removal or a full removal, the chances are you will need still chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is given in order to shrink and destroy the cancerous cells. While chemotherapy can be administered orally, it is more often routinely given in intravenous form from a needle and into the blood.

Chemotherapy is given in cycles. Cycles vary depending on medication, stage, and risk factors. Some people will receive 3 cycles while others 25 to 50 cycles.

Finding a Doctor
If you have already been diagnosed, you were probably whisked into a whirlwind of doctors without even thinking. Now is the time to stop and think about your options. You DO have options. You don’t have to commit to seeing the first doctor you go to and you are entitled to a second opinion.

Bladder cancer is about you and your choices. Not all doctors offer the same treatments and clinical trials. If there is a new treatment you think sounds good but your doctor does not, then you may have to change doctors. This is about you and your life. Do not worry about hurting your doctor’s feelings. Start today by finding the doctor and the treatment that is right for you.

Alternative Treatment For Bladder Cancer

2010-04-11T15:15:00.000-07:00

Alternative Treatment For Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in males, eight most common in females, and fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. It is four times more common in men than women, twice as common in Caucasians as in African-Americans, and is usually diagnosed later in life.
Detection and diagnosis
Bladder cancer can be detected by examining the bladder through a cystoscope, examining cells in the urine, or having intravenous pyelography (IVP, a special kidney x-ray) performed. Sometimes a large tumor can be detected through a rectal or vaginal exam. Researchers are studying a new screening test that detects telomerase, an enzyme produced by bladder tumors.
Alternative dietary and nutritional recommendations
Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, and kale have been credited with lowering the risk of bladder cancer due to their antioxidant and other cancer fighting compounds. Eating the USDA-recommended number of servings of fruits such as apples, berries, cherries, oranges pears, and tomatoes can reduce the risk by 45percent. Drinking a lot of liquids, especially pure water, helps to dilute carcinogens and increase urination, lessening the time any carcinogens in the bladder have to do any damage.
Taking vitamin A, beta-carotene, vitamin C, and a multivitamin have shown reductions in the risk of getting bladder cancer. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is an FDA-approved, nontoxic solvent that has been shown to aid in treatment.
We will discuss now another vitally important alternative treatment for bladder cancer. Madison Cavanaugh, author of “The One-Minute Cure, The Secret to Healing Virtually All Diseases” has a message of hope, however. She insists that, “Microbes, germs, harmful bacteria and viruses, and all kinds of cancer, do not cause the problem they’re only effects of a hidden cause,” she states. They do only seek their natural habitat such as an oxygen- deficient body rather than being the cause of the disease. A sufficiently oxygenated body is uninhabitable by viruses and diseases, Madison further states, any viruses and malignant cancer cells can neither survive nor thrive in it. Therefore, the best defense against microbes, germs, harmful bacteria and viruses, and all kinds of cancer is to keep the environment of our body oxygenated.

Bladder Cancer Diet For Dogs and Effective Herbal Treatments

2010-04-11T15:14:00.000-07:00

Bladder Cancer Diet For Dogs and Effective Herbal Treatments

A bladder cancer diet for dogs will not offer a cure, but it can help your dog to fight off cancer and can even prevent some occurrences of cancer by strengthening immune system function. Bladder cancer is a difficult and painful disease and it can drain a lot of your dog’s strength, which is why feeding him a proper diet can be so very important.
A healthy immune system inhibits cancer causing cells from forming, thus reducing the likelihood of developing cancer. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance that a diet for dog with bladder cancer helps to support and maintain a healthy immune system. The further cancer progresses, the more likely it is to interfere with the body’s natural defense system, so any help the body can derive from food is critical.
A bladder cancer diet for dogs should generally contain a good cross section of certain nutrients, including Vitamins C, D, and E. Minerals like copper, selenium and zinc are also important as are enzymes which help fight cancer causing pathogens. Certain natural items such as garlic and green tea have also been shown to have cancer inhibiting properties.
Additionally, a diet for dog with bladder cancer should be heavy in animal proteins. Raw meats including chicken, beef, turkey, fish and lamb all contain the necessary proteins and fats for building up the immune system and fighting off illness. Plant-based proteins and sugar can actually have a detrimental effect and should be avoided.
When considering a bladder cancer diet for dogs, it is important to remember that as cancer progresses, the metabolic processes of the body will change, effecting how it uses certain nutrients. This can lead to your dog rejecting certain foods, particularly if eating them becomes more uncomfortable.
Equally significant in treating cancer is the use of homeopathic remedies. Made from a special blend of plant based ingredients, these all natural products can not only ease symptoms but also strengthen the immune system to improve overall health. Combined with a special diet for dog with bladder cancer, they can give your dog all the ammunition it needs to fight back.
Although not a cure themselves, homeopathic remedies can help to soothe and treat your dog’s symptoms and provide a boost to his natural defenses. Using a careful blend of plant based ingredients such as Cantharis, Staphysagris and Berberis, these products have antiseptic and antibacterial properties which can significantly boost the effectiveness of a bladder cancer diet for dogs to help make your dog stronger and better equipped to fight the disease.
No one likes to face the prospect of their four legged friend developing bladder cancer, but you can take hope in knowing there are things you can do to help. A combination of a diet rich in animal protein and all the necessary nutrients along with the use of safe, gentle homeopathic remedies can make all the difference. Don’t let cancer get the best of your best friend, fight back the natural way.

3 Simple Steps to Treating Bladder Cancer in Dogs

2010-04-11T15:11:00.000-07:00

3 Simple Steps to Treating Bladder Cancer in Dogs

Bladder cancer in dogs is a serious condition. My beloved Akita of 13 years died of it. Although he had lived a long, happy life, especially for a large breed dog, I wish I had known what I know now. Although I can’t go back and change his final six months with us, I can share what I learned with you.
First the facts. The cause of dog bladder cancer is unknown, but it is believed that flea and tick collars and sprays can be a contributing factor, so please get rid of these items if you have them in your house. Typically, female dogs are more prone to cancer than males and certain breeds have a higher incidence of cancer including beagles, fox terriers (Scottish, wirehaired fox and West Highland white varieties) and Shetland sheepdogs. Dogs that have been neutered also have a higher risk.
Left untreated, bladder cancer in dogs can block the urinary tract making it difficult or impossible to expel toxins from the bladder. The cancer can also spread to other parts of the body and is life-threatening. Dogs with a bladder cancer diagnosis can survive for up to a year, but that time is full of misery, suffering and humiliation.
Traditional medical treatment for dog bladder cancer includes surgery to move small tumors, chemotherapy (which is still considered an experimental treatment) and use of anti-inflammatory drugs which does not get rid of the cancer, but in some studies, has shown to slow its growth.
If you do not want your dog to undergo radical treatments which can increase pain and suffering, there are healthy options. These are especially important for older dogs who will not be able to tolerate chemotherapy, harsh drugs and may not survive the trauma caused by surgery.
The best natural treatment for dogs is simple and easy. First, feed your dog healthy, organic food (that has no chemicals, cheap grains, byproducts or preservatives.) Junk food kibble alters the pH of the bladder, making it hospitable to bacteria and disease. Healthy, organic food that is comprised mostly of good quality protein will give your dog the nutrients needed for healing.
Second, make sure your dog gets plenty of fresh water. Water is vital to keeping the body hydrated and flushing toxins from the bladder. Rather than give your dog tap water, buy a water filter to remove the chemicals that alter the pH which is a component for preventing bladder cancer in dogs.
Third, it goes without saying that love and attention is healing. Spend time with your dog. Talk to him. Take him on walks and adventures. Run and play with him. Exercise is healing: it relieves stress, bonds participants, removes toxins from the lymph system and increases a sense of satisfaction in life.
In addition to diet, love and attention and exercise, give your dog a daily natural remedy that contains antioxidants which build immunity and fight cancer. This supplement should contain a full spectrum of vitamins and minerals. Perhaps most important, it should contain herbs like Milk Thistle and Mistletoe which are strong antioxidants that make for a natural, gentle and effective treatment for bladder cancer in dogs. These two herbs also help rid the body of toxins.
Since your dog depends on you to make the best healthcare choices, it is up to you to find a method to treat dog bladder cancer that is gentle, yet effective and that does not worsen your dog’s suffering. Think about it: if you choose to give your dog chemo, there is no way for you to tell your dog that even though his suffering is going to be worse, in the long wrong, he might get better. Of course, he also might get worse, since chemo is a poison that often kills the patient. Although this may seem harsh, this is something you must consider.
Dogs don’t understand the point of radical treatments. They only know what they feel in the moment. Make your dogs moments as happy, comfortable and pain-free as possible by choosing to take the natural route. As your dog gets better, continue to follow the steps above and give your dog a daily supplement in order to build a strong immunity needed for a long, healthy and happy life.

Swine Flu : What is it and How To Cure : No Worries Pakistan

2010-04-11T15:10:00.001-07:00

Swine Flu : What is it and How To Cure : No Worries Pakistan

Swine influenza, or “swine flu”, is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of pigs, caused by one of several swine influenza A viruses. Morbidity tends to be high and mortality low (1-4%). The virus is spread among pigs by aerosols, direct and indirect contact, and asymptomatic carrier pigs. Outbreaks in pigs occur year round, with an increased incidence in the fall and winter in temperate zones. Many countries routinely vaccinate swine populations against swine influenza. Swine influenza viruses are most commonly of the H1N1 subtype, but other subtypes are also circulating in pigs (e.g., H1N2, H3N1, H3N2). Pigs can also be infected with avian influenza viruses and human seasonal influenza viruses as well as swine influenza viruses. The H3N2 swine virus was thought to have been originally introduced into pigs by humans. Sometimes pigs can be infected with more than one virus type at a time, which can allow the genes from these viruses to mix. This can result in an influenza virus containing genes from a number of sources, called a “reassortant” virus. Although swine influenza viruses are normally species specific and only infect pigs, they do sometimes cross the species barrier to cause disease in humans.
What are the implications for human health?
Outbreaks and sporadic human infection with swine influenza have been occasionally reported.
Generally clinical symptoms are similar to seasonal influenza but reported clinical presentation ranges broadly from asymptomatic infection to severe pneumonia resulting in death. Since typical clinical presentation of swine influenza infection in humans resembles seasonal influenza and other acute upper respiratory tract infections, most of the cases have been detected by chance through seasonal influenza surveillance. Mild or asymptomatic cases may have escaped from recognition; therefore the true extent of this disease among humans is unknown.
Where have human cases occurred?
Since the implementation of IHR(2005)1 in 2007, WHO has been notified of swine influenza cases from the United States and Spain.
How do people become infected?
People usually get swine influenza from infected pigs, however, some human cases lack contact history with pigs or environments where pigs have been located. Human-to-human transmission has occurred in some instances but was limited to close contacts and closed groups of people.
Which countries have been affected by outbreaks in pigs?
Swine influenza is not notifiable to international animal health authorities (OIE, www.oie.int), therefore its international distribution in animals is not well known. The disease is considered endemic in the United States. Outbreaks in pigs are also known to have occurred in North America, South America, Europe (including the UK, Sweden, and Italy), Africa (Kenya), and in parts of eastern Asia including China and Japan.

What about the pandemic risk?
It is likely that most of people, especially those who do not have regular contact with pigs, do not have immunity to swine influenza viruses that can prevent the virus infection. If a swine virus establishes efficient human-to human transmission, it can cause an influenza pandemic. The impact of a pandemic caused by such a virus is difficult to predict: it depends on virulence of the virus, existing immunity among people, cross protection by antibodies acquired from seasonal influenza infection and host factors.
Is there a human vaccine to protect from swine influenza?
There are no vaccines that contain the current swine influenza virus causing illness in humans. It is not known whether current human seasonal influenza vaccines can provide any protection. Influenza viruses change very quickly. It is important to develop a vaccine against the currently circulating virus strain for it to provide maximum protection to the vaccinated people. This is why WHO needs access to as many viruses as possible in order to select the most appropriate candidate vaccine virus.
What drugs are available for treatment?
1 International Health Regulation (2005) http://www.who.int/ihr/about/en/ Antiviral drugs for seasonal influenza are available in some countries and effectively prevent and treat the illness. There are two classes of such medicines, 1) adamantanes (amantadine and remantadine), and 2) inhibitors of influenza neuraminidase (oseltamivir and zanamivir). Most of the previously reported swine influenza cases recovered fully from the disease without requiring medical attention and without antiviral medicines. Some influenza viruses develop resistance to the antiviral medicines, limiting the effectiveness of chemoprophylaxis and treatment. The viruses obtained from the recent human cases with swine influenza in the United States were sensitive to oselatmivir and zanamivir but resistant to amantadine and remantadine.
Information is insufficient to make recommendation on the use of the antivirals in prevention and treatment of swine influenza virus infection. Clinicians have to make decisions based on the clinical and epidemiological assessment and harms and benefit of the prophylaxis/treatment of the patient2. For the ongoing outbreak of the swine influenza infection in the United States and Mexico, the national and the local authorities are recommending to use oseltamivir or zanamivir for treatment and prevention of the disease based on the virus’s susceptibility profile.

Libido lifters

2010-04-08T17:57:00.000-07:00

Libido lifters

Vitamin E, ginger and green tea make welcome bedfellows as 'natural Viagra'

When you think sexy, certain foods automatically come to mind. Depending on your imagination -- and possibly your experience -- it could be anything from a plate of fresh oysters to a dripping chocolate fondue to, well, a can of whipped cream. There are others -- chocolate-dipped strawberries, plump, juicy grapes, or anything you can hand-feed to your lover.

Whatever the details of the list, it's a pretty safe bet that wheat germ, almonds and pumpkin seeds are not high on it -- but maybe they should be. To get the lowdown on libido lifters, we contacted Joey Shulman, a nutritionist and author of the just-published book Healthy Sin Foods: Decadence Without the Guilt. She set us straight on what foods really offer natural ways to get you in the wooing mood.

Topping her lusty-food list are those rich in vitamin E. And at the top is wheat germ oil. One tablespoon of the stuff gives you a full 100 per cent of your suggested daily intake. Almonds are also high; eat an ounce of them dry-roasted and you'll have had 40 per cent of your suggested daily amount. Sunflower seeds, hazelnuts, peanut butter and peanuts also have the magic vitamin, but Shulman recommends that if you want to keep your sexy figure (no question that's good for your lover's libido), don't eat more than 15 nuts in one sitting. After all, nuts are high in fat, albeit good fat. And if you want some E without the fat, try a kiwi, some broccoli, spinach, kale or a mango.

"Vitamin E is shown to balance skin and help with stretch marks and age spots," Shulman said. "But some people call it natural Viagra."

Maybe that's because you not only look better, but the vitamin E also improves your blood flow. Shulman's not sure how, but she swears it works. She also said you can buy vitamin E oil in capsules, and use it for massage. "But food's more fun."

Next in the nutritionist's passion food picks was ginger.

"People use ginger for upset stomachs, to relieve cold and flu symptoms, but it also helps with stress, helps relax you, and it also improves blood flow," Shulman said. And as we now know, better blood flow is good for you-know-what.

"You can have ginger tea or you can add it to stir-fries, baking," she said. "We just also have jars of minced ginger in the house."

And there's another sex-drive booster in the tea cupboard. When you drink green tea, there is a release of an amino acid called L-theanine in your brain.

"It makes you feel alert, yet calm at the same time," Shulman said. "It doesn't give you the jitters that coffee does. Green tea is also extremely high in antioxidants that might put you in the mood."

Those were Shulman's unconventional suggestions, but she also shed light on old standards, offering science behind their libidinous legend.

Oysters are perhaps the most commonly referenced aphrodisiac, and Shulman confirmed the reputation is deserved. The salty mollusks are full of zinc, which is good for immune system function and is involved in enzyme production. In short, zinc is crucial to the overall running of the human system and feeling good is what it's all about. Other foods with zinc include beef, lamb and pumpkin seeds.

Red wine, like all alcohol, has a reputation for improving the odds of "getting lucky," but it's not just because of its brain-altering properties.

From a health perspective, the high number of flavonoids, including resveratrol, and antioxidants found in red wine keep the blood pumping.

And finally, why not indulge in an old favourite? Chocolate, if you keep it dark, is also full of flavonoids that keep blood vessels elastic; in short, it does the same thing as red wine.

Dip some mango and kiwi in melted dark chocolate and chase it with a good red wine, and your odds of making a love connection will improve dramatically.

---

Sex-inducing Smoothie

- 1/2 cup (125 mL) unsweetened almond milk (contains vitamin E)

- 1 cup (250 mL) frozen strawberries

- 1 cup (250 mL) kiwi, peeled

- 1 tablespoon (15 mL) wheat germ oil

- 1 tablespoon (15 mL) cocoa powder

Blend all ingredients in a blender on high.

Note: To make smoothie creamier, add 1/2 banana and a second 1/2-cup (125 mL) almond milk.

Vatican Claims Allegations Against Pope Are Backlash For Church's Opposition To Abortion, Same-Sex Marriage

2010-04-08T17:51:00.000-07:00

Vatican Claims Allegations Against Pope Are Backlash For Church's Opposition To Abortion, Same-Sex Marriage

The Vatican on Tuesday said allegations that Pope Benedict XVI helped cover up the actions of priests accused of sex abuse are part of an anti-Catholic "hate" campaign targeting the pope for his opposition to abortion rights and same-sex marriage, theAP/Yahoo! News reports. The pope has been criticized for not doing enough to halt abuse of minors in Germany and other European countries when he was the archbishop of Munich and when he later became a Vatican cardinal, theAP/Yahoo! News reports.

Spanish Cardinal Julian Herranz, head of the disciplinary commission for Holy See officials, said during a Vatican Radio broadcast that the pope "defends life and family ... in a world in which powerful lobbies would like to impose a completely different" agenda. Although Herranz did not identify specific lobbies, "defense of life" is "Vatican shorthand for antiabortion efforts," according to the AP/Yahoo! News.

Cardinal Angelo Sodano, the Vatican's dean of the College of Cardinals, told the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano that the pope's advocacy for conservative family values provoked the alleged attacks. Sodano said, "By now, it's a cultural contrast. The pope embodies moral truths that aren't accepted, and so, the shortcomings and errors of priests are used as weapons against the church." He added, "Behind the unjust attacks on the pope are visions of the family and of life that run contrary to the Gospel" (D'Emilio, AP/Yahoo! News, 4/6).

Hooking Up Or Dating: Who Benefits?

2010-04-08T17:46:00.000-07:00

Hooking Up Or Dating: Who Benefits?

As hooking up takes over from dating as a means of heterosexual interaction on university campuses, more women than men continue to prefer dating whereas more men than women rate hooking up above dating. Both genders however perceive similar benefits and risks to dating and hooking up. Carolyn Bradshaw from James Madison University in Virginia, US, and colleagues explored the reasons that motivate college men and women to hook up or to date, as well as the perceived relative benefits and costs of the two practices. Their findings are published online in Springer's journal Sex Roles.

Typically, dating follows a predictable pattern whereby the man is active - he asks the woman to go out with him, organizes the date and at the end of it may initiate sexual activity; whereas the woman is reactive - she waits to be asked out on a date and accepts or rejects the man's sexual overtures. They know each other or want to get to know one another and there is the prospect of a future relationship. In contrast, a hook up is a casual sexual encounter, which usually occurs between people who are strangers or brief acquaintances. For instance, two people meet at a party where they have been drinking; they flirt and engage in sexual behaviors from kissing to sexual intercourse, with no commitment to a future relationship.

Bradshaw and team exposed 150 female and 71 male college students from a southern, public American university to a variety of dating and/or hooking up situations, such as when there was potential for a relationship, when their partner had a great personality and when drinking was involved. They asked the students the extent to which they would prefer dating or hooking up in each situation. The participants were also asked to pick the top three benefits and top three risks associated with dating and hooking up from a checklist, as well as provide details of their dating and hooking up activities over the past two years.

Even though men initiated significantly more first dates than women, there was no gender difference in the number of first dates or number of hook-ups. For both men and women, the number of hook ups was nearly double the number of first dates.

Overall, both genders showed a preference for traditional dating over hooking up. However, of those students who strongly preferred traditional dating, there were significantly more women than men (41 percent versus 20 percent). Of those who showed a strong preference for hooking up, there were far fewer women than men (2 percent versus 17 percent). However, context mattered: when considering the possibility of a long-term relationship, both women and men preferred dating over hooking up; however, when the possibility of a relationship was not mentioned, men preferred hooking up and women preferred dating.

On the whole, men and women agreed on the benefits and risks of dating and hooking up. However, there were some notable differences:

Women more than men seem to want a relationship. They fear, both in dating and hooking up, that they will become emotionally attached to a partner who is not interested in them.
Men more than women seem to value independence. They fear that even in hooking up relationships, which are supposed to be free of commitments, a woman might seek to establish a relationship.

Reference:
1. Bradshaw C, Kahn AS, Saville BK (2010). To hook up or date: which gender benefits? Sex Roles; DOI 10.1007/s11199-010-9765-7

Meningococcal disease in Chad

2010-04-08T17:44:00.000-07:00

Meningococcal disease in Chad

1 April 2010 -- From 4 January to 28 March the Ministry of Health of Chad reported 1531 suspected cases of meningococcal disease including 151 deaths (case-fatality rate:10%). So far, seven districts have crossed the epidemic threshold (Bébidja, Bédjondo, Béré, Doba, Dono-Manga, Goundi and Laï) while three others crossed the alert threshold (Bénoye, Laokassi and Sarh).

Sixty seven specimens of cerebral spinal fluid have been found positive for Neisseria meningitidisserogroup A by latex test while 14 specimens were found positive for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135, by latex, and culture. This indicates that some areas are experiencing mixed epidemics (Dono-Manga), while others are being predominantly affected by either serogroup A (Doba, Bébidja district ) or serogroup W135 (Goundi district).

The International Coordinating Group (ICG) on Vaccine Provision for Epidemic Meningitis Control has provided 157,000 doses of trivalent ACW vaccine for a mass vaccination campaign in affected areas of Dono-Manga and Goundi as well as 282,000 doses of bivalent vaccine for mass vaccination in Doba and Bebidja. Vaccines are being provided with the support of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). Vaccination campaigns have been completed or are being conducted in Bébidja and Doba district, while others will take place shortly in Dono-Manga and Goundi districts.

WHO, UNICEF, Médecins sans Frontières and the International Federation of Red Cross (IFRC) are working with the Ministry of Health, Chad to implement the vaccination campaigns as well as other emergency control measures, including case management and surveillance in neighbouring districts.

Who should get vaccinated against anthrax?

2010-04-07T11:30:00.001-07:00

Who should get vaccinated against anthrax?

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices has recommended anthrax vaccination for the following groups:
Persons who work directly with the organism in the laboratory
Persons who work with imported animal hides or furs in areas where standards are insufficient to prevent exposure to anthrax spores.
Persons who handle potentially infected animal products in high-incidence areas. (Incidence is low in the United States, but veterinarians who travel to work in other countries where incidence is higher should consider being vaccinated.)
Military personnel deployed to areas with high risk for exposure to the organism (as when it is used as a biological warfare weapon).

What are the symptoms of anthrax?

2010-04-07T11:29:00.000-07:00

What are the symptoms of anthrax?

Symptoms of disease vary depending on how the disease was contracted, but symptoms usually occur within 7 days.
Cutaneous: Most (about 95%) anthrax infections occur when the bacterium enters a cut or abrasion on the skin, such as when handling contaminated wool, hides, leather or hair products (especially goat hair) of infected animals. Skin infection begins as a raised itchy bump that resembles an insect bite but within 1-2 days develops into a vesicle and then a painless ulcer, usually 1-3 cm in diameter, with a characteristic black necrotic (dying) area in the center. Lymph glands in the adjacent area may swell. About 20% of untreated cases of cutaneous anthrax will result in death. Deaths are rare with appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
inhalation: Initial symptoms may resemble a common cold. After several days, the symptoms may progress to severe breathing problems and shock. inhalation anthrax is usually fatal.
Intestinal: The intestinal disease form of anthrax may follow the consumption of contaminated meat and is characterized by an acute inflammation of the intestinal tract. Initial signs of nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, fever are followed by abdominal pain, vomiting of blood, and severe diarrhea. Intestinal anthrax results in death in 25% to 60% of cases.

How is anthrax transmitted?

2010-04-07T11:28:00.000-07:00

How is anthrax transmitted?

Anthrax infection can occur in three forms: cutaneous (skin), inhalation, and gastrointestinal. B. anthracis spores can live in the soil for many years, and humans can become infected with anthrax by handling products from infected animals or by inhaling anthrax spores from contaminated animal products. Anthrax can also be spread by eating undercooked meat from infected animals. It is rare to find infected animals in the United States.

How common is anthrax and who can get it?

2010-04-07T11:27:00.000-07:00

How common is anthrax and who can get it?

Anthrax is most common in agricultural regions where it occurs in animals. These include South and Central America, Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East. When anthrax affects humans, it is usually due to an occupational exposure to infected animals or their products. Workers who are exposed to dead animals and animal products from other countries where anthrax is more common may become infected with B. anthracis (industrial anthrax). Anthrax in wild livestock has occurred in the United States.

What is anthrax?

2010-04-07T11:23:00.000-07:00

What is anthrax?

Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic lower vertebrates (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, antelopes, and other herbivores), but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals or tissue from infected animals.

Blood Cancer Symptoms

2010-04-03T07:49:00.000-07:00

Blood Cancer Symptoms

Blood cancer is a generalized term for malignancy which attacks the blood, bone marrow, or lymphatic system. There are three kinds of blood cancer: leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma.

Leukemia is malignancy of cells in the blood. Lymphoma refers to malignant tumors of the lymph system. Myeloma is malignancy of plasma cells. Plasma cells are the cells in bone marrow that produce antibodies. Collectively they are called Hematological malignancies.

Some of the common blood cancer symptoms:

Weakness, Fatigue, Malaise and Breathlessness
Minimal body strain results inbone fractures
Excessive or easy bruising
Bleeding gums or frequent nose bleeds
Recurrent infections or fever
Excessive sweating of body during night
Weight loss
Frequent vomiting sensations
Anorexia
Lymph node (gland) enlargement
Lumps or abdominal distension due to enlarged abdominal organs
Abdominal pain, Bone pain and Back pain
Delirium and confusion
Abnormal bleeding in gums nose and cuts, which will result in platelet reduction
Headaches with occurrence of visual difficulties
Occurrence of fine rashes on dark spots
Decreased urination and difficulty while urinating

Some of the specific leukemia blood cancer symptoms are anemia, recurrent infections, bone and joint pain abdominal distress and difficult in breathing or dyspnea.

In case of lymphomas blood cancer the symptoms depend on location of cancer, where it has spread, and the size of the tumor. It begins with swelling in the neck, underarm, or groin.

The first sign of multiple myeloma is bone pain due to bony destruction by plasma cells. Some of the prominent symptoms include bleeding gums, nose bleeds and easy bruising. Unexplained bone fractures, kidney failure, persistent infections and weight loss are other signs of the disease.

Incidences of Blood Cancer Types Each Year:

S.No.	Blood Cancer Type	Percentage Per One Lac of Population
1.	Leukemia	12.2
2.	Myeloma	5.6
3.	Lymphoma	2.8

Latest Statistical Facts about Blood Cancer in United States:

Symptoms of blood cancer are confirmed using the Diagnostic test – Biopsy.
After every 4 minutes, an individual from America is diagnosed with blood cancer by such tests.
Every 10 minutes, this disease takes the life of an individual.
It means 146 people die every day because of this disease.
Approximately 1,39,860 people are going to be diagnosed with all the three types of blood cancer in the year 2009.
These people constitute 9.5% of the total number of new cancer cases ( 1,479, 350 ) diagnosed in the whole country.
53,240 people out of the 1,39,860 diagnosed, are estimated to lose their lives this year owing to this dreadful disease.
The total cancer deaths estimated in the year 2009 are 5,62,340.
Blood cancer deaths will comprise 9.5% of these deaths.
Leukemia is the most common type of blood cancer in children affecting the age group of 0-19 years.
It comprises 31% of cancers affecting the children in United States.
2,655 children within the mentioned age group, are estimated to be diagnosed with this disease in 2009.
The symptoms of blood cancer remain latent and dangerously make the disease apparent in its last stages.

Does Cancer cause Blood Clots ?

Research studies conducted at the University of L’Aquila, Italy suggest that children suffering from Leukemia are at high risks of facing Thrombosis while they are provided the cancer treatment. Thrombosis is the technical name given to clotting of blood in the deep veins of the body. In the research, 1,752 children suffering from this dreadful disease were considered. In 5.2% of these children, the study found the complication of blood clotting. The researchers however were successful in finding out the therapies and medical procedures for addressing the risk of blood clotting

What does an allergy mean?

2010-04-02T15:19:00.001-07:00

What does an allergy mean?

An allergy refers to an exaggerated reaction by our immune system in response to bodily contact with certain foreign substances. It is exaggerated because these foreign substances are usually seen by the body as harmless and no response occurs in non- allergic people. Allergic people's bodies recognize the foreign substance and one part of the immune system is turned on. Allergy-producing substances are called "allergens." Examples of allergens include pollens, dust mite, molds, danders, and foods. To understand the language of allergy it is important to remember that allergens are substances that are foreign to the body and can cause an allergic reaction in certain people.

When an allergen comes in contact with the body, it causes the immune system to develop an allergic reaction in persons who are allergic to it. When you inappropriately react to allergens that are normally harmless to other people, you are having an allergic reaction and can be referred to as allergic or atopic. Therefore, people who are prone to allergies are said to be allergic or "atopic."

Austrian pediatrician Clemens Pirquet (1874-1929) first used the term allergy. He referred to both immunity that was beneficial and to the harmful hypersensitivity as "allergy." The word allergy is derived from the Greek words "allos," meaning different or changed and "ergos," meaning work or action. Allergy roughly refers to an "altered reaction." The word allergy was first used in 1905 to describe the adverse reactions of children who were given repeated shots of horse serum to fight infection. The following year, the term allergy was proposed to explain this unexpected "changed reactivity."

Allergy Fact
It is estimated that 50 million North Americans are affected by allergic conditions.
The cost of allergies in the United States is more than $10 billion dollars yearly.
Allergic rhinitis (nasal allergies) affects about 35 million Americans, 6 million of whom are children.
Asthma affects 15 million Americans, 5 million of whom are children.
The number of cases of asthma has doubled over the last 20 years.

Pinpoint Your Pain - Start Now

2010-04-02T15:16:00.000-07:00

Pinpoint Your Pain - Start Now

Find a symptom or sign of disease by using the Illustrated Guide (male or female), or the Symptom Checker A-Z list. Alternatively, if you know the spelling of your medical symptom, simply use the search function below.

It is very helpful to evaluate symptoms and signs in diagnosing the causes of health problems and in monitoring the status of diagnosed diseases. Moreover, assessment of symptoms and signs is important during treatment with medications in order to determine the effectiveness of treatment and the development of side effects.

What's the Difference Between Gingivitis and Periodontitis?

2010-04-02T15:13:00.000-07:00

What's the Difference Between Gingivitis and Periodontitis?

Gingivitis usually precedes periodontitis. However, it is important to know that not all gingivitis progresses to periodontitis.
In the early stage of gingivitis, bacteria in plaque build up, causing the gums to become inflamed (red and swollen) and often easily bleed during tooth brushing. Although the gums may be irritated, the teeth are still firmly planted in their sockets. No irreversible bone or other tissue damage has occurred at this stage.
When gingivitis is left untreated, it can advance to periodontitis. In a person with periodontitis, the inner layer of the gum and bone pull away from the teeth and form pockets. These small spaces between teeth and gums collect debris and can become infected. The body's immune system fights the bacteria as the plaque spreads and grows below the gum line.
Toxins or poisons - produced by the bacteria in plaque as well as the body's "good" enzymes involved in fighting infections - start to break down the bone and connective tissue that hold teeth in place. As the disease progresses, the pockets deepen and more gum tissue and bone are destroyed. When this happens, teeth are no longer anchored in place, they become looser, and tooth loss occurs. Gum disease, in fact, is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults.

What are the Symptoms of Periodontal Disease?

2010-04-02T15:11:00.000-07:00

What are the Symptoms of Periodontal Disease?

Periodontal disease may progress painlessly, producing few obvious signs, even in the late stages of the disease. Although the symptoms of periodontal disease often are subtle, the condition is not entirely without warning signs. Certain symptoms may point to some form of the disease. They include:
Gums that bleed during and after tooth brushing
Red, swollen, or tender gums
Persistent bad breath or bad taste in the mouth
Receding gums
Formation of deep pockets between teeth and gums
Loose or shifting teeth
Changes in the way teeth fit together upon biting down, or in the fit of partialdentures.
Even if you don't notice any symptoms, you may still have some degree of gum disease. In some people, gum disease may affect only certain teeth, such as the molars. Only a dentist or a periodontist can recognize and determine the progression of gum disease.

How is Periodontal Disease Treated?

2010-04-02T15:10:00.000-07:00

How is Periodontal Disease Treated?

The goals of periodontal treatment are to promote reattachment of healthy gums to teeth; reduce swelling, the depth of pockets, and the risk of infection; and to stop disease progression. Treatment options depend on the stage of disease, how you may have responded to earlier treatments, and your overall health. Options range from nonsurgical therapies that control bacterial growth to surgery to restore supportive tissues. A full description of the various treatment options is provided in Gum Disease Treatments.

Gingivitis

2010-04-02T15:05:00.000-07:00

Gingivitis

International Breast Health Global Summit, June 9-11, 2010

2010-03-31T12:37:00.000-07:00

International Breast Health Global Summit, June 9-11, 2010

The Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI) and the Latin American & Caribbean Society of Medical Oncology (SLACOM) will convene the fourth biennial BHGI Global Summit on International Breast Health June 9-11, 2010 in Chicago, bringing together collaborating national and international organizations to address the optimization of breast health care delivery in limited-resource countries. The theme for the 2010 Summit is "Optimizing Health Care Delivery."

The Summit, endorsed by the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), is scheduled to follow ASCO's annual meeting in Chicago to allow for participation by attendees of the meeting.

The Summit will provide a unique event in the international health community to enhance knowledge of breast health care delivery in low- and middle-income countries (LMCs). It will bring together collaborating national and international organizations to address key issues regarding the optimization of breast delivery in limited resource countries. It will provide a forum to examine and report on the effectiveness of breast health care delivery in diverse socioeconomic settings and to address how existing health care resources can most effectively be organized to improve breast health outcomes.

The systematic analyses performed during this three-day Summit will be guided by the BHGI resource-sensitive comprehensive breast care guidelines for early detection, diagnosis and treatment (Cancer, Oct. 15, 2008 supplement). Case studies of successful programs from around the world will be presented. Special issues of Latin American countries will be highlighted, framed by the special needs survey performed by SLACOM and published with BHGI (Cancer, 113(8 suppl):2359-65, 2008). Model approaches to breast health care improvement will be developed during the three-day event.

Each day of the Summit will address different health care scenarios:

Day 1 - Low-resource scenarios in breast health care delivery where fundamental delivery resources are commonly fractionated or incomplete.
Day 2 - Middle-resource scenarios in breast health care delivery, where multidisciplinary treatment is more commonly available than in low-resource countries.
Day 3 - Problem-solving in health care delivery, considering how commonly encountered obstacles can be tackled in real-world applications in low- and middle-resource environments.

Meeting features include international breast cancer advocacy presentations, scientific presentations highlighting health care delivery and successful pilot projects, open panel discussions, parallel workshops, and poster presentations.

"The 2010 BHGI Summit will be a very important meeting that is relevant not only to low- and middle-income countries, but to all countries," said Eduardo Cazap, M.D., president of SLACOM-Sociedad Latino Americana y del Caribe de Oncologia Medica, and president-elect of the UICC-International Union Against Cancer.

Issues applicable to optimal program implementation, education and training, communication and informatics, and medical technology will specifically be considered. The Summit will serve as the foundation for publication in a peer-reviewed medical journal of the major findings and observations generated during the meeting.

Combatting Diarrheal Disease, A Killer Of Kenyan Children: Policy Unveiled

2010-03-31T12:32:00.000-07:00

Combatting Diarrheal Disease, A Killer Of Kenyan Children: Policy Unveiled

The Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, together with the Department of Family Health (Division of Child and Adolescent Health), unveiled a renewed set of national policy guidelines to redouble diarrhoeal disease management and control efforts by putting proven interventions to work within the country's health system. This announcement comes at a time when global progress against diarrhoea has stalled. Contrary to what many Kenyans believe, diarrhoea is dangerous and not a normal part of childhood development. When left untreated, diarrhoea kills - and is the third-leading cause of death of children under five years old in Kenya.

"Kenya has reduced diarrhoea-related deaths before, but recent data indicates that we have work to do to improve the use of basic treatments like oral rehydration therapy," offered Beth Mugo, MP, Minister for Public Health and Sanitation. "While many Kenyans have gained access to safe drinking water, the majority still lack access to proper sanitation. This updated policy to combat diarrhoeal disease builds on our achievements and lessons learned during the implementation of the previous policy formulated in the 1990s."

As part of its new diarrhoeal disease control policy, the government, through the Ministry of Public Heath and Sanitation and with help from partners including the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), PATH, Population Services International (PSI), and Micronutrient Initiative, will distribute a new chart with the latest diarrhoeal disease control information to all health workers throughout the country this year. This chart will help health workers educate caregivers on how to care for their children at home and when to bring them into the clinic for additional treatment.

"Diarrhoea can be treated in the home with over-the-counter oral rehydration solution and zinc supplementation," noted Dr. Olivia Yambi of UNICEF. "Together, thousands of lives can be saved with a coordinated approach that involves already proven prevention and treatment methods."

Diarrhoea can have long-term impacts on children's health. Persistent diarrhoea can lead to malnutrition, a factor contributing to stunted growth. Research has consistently shown that malnourishment and regular illness during a child's first few years of life undermines future cognitive development, education, and productivity.

"The good news is diarrhoea-related deaths can be stopped," encouraged Dr. David Okello of WHO. "Kenya's new Diarrhoeal Disease Control policy puts the knowledge and proven solutions to treat and prevent many of the lethal causes of diarrhoea into an actionable plan."

The policy reinforces the comprehensive prevention and treatment recommendations for diarrhoeal disease already outlined by WHO and UNICEF, including zinc supplementation and the use of oral rehydration solution (ORS) to preventdehydration. Disease prevention can be achieved through exclusive breastfeeding, vitamin A supplementation, proper hygiene techniques like hand washing with soap, and access to improved water supplies.

"This new policy, which complements the Government of Kenya's Child Survival Strategy, demonstrates our commitment to bringing all of the tools available to prevent child deaths from diarrhoea to bear," said Dr. Annah Wamae, Head of the Department of Child Health at the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation. "By working with partners to scale up traditional interventions, including ORS and breastfeeding and new interventions such as zinc - and looking forward to solutions like rotavirus vaccines on the horizon - we can make a difference for all the children of Kenya."

Vaccination is the only preventive method for diarrhoeal disease cases caused by rotavirus, the most severe form of diarrhoea. In Kenya, rotavirus causes more than 7,500 deaths each year. Recent compelling data on the disease burden of rotavirus and power of vaccines to prevent it in low-resource settings informed the WHO's June 2009 recommendation that rotavirus vaccine be included in every nation's immunization program.

Diabetes Cure??

2010-03-31T00:38:00.001-07:00

Diabetes Cure??

The Diabetes Cure Miracle Breakthrough

2010-03-31T00:37:00.001-07:00

The Diabetes Cure Miracle Breakthrough

Dr. Fuhrman Cures Diabetes - But Drug Companies Object

2010-03-31T00:35:00.000-07:00

Dr. Fuhrman Cures Diabetes - But Drug Companies Object

Controlling Type 2 Diabetes with Diet

2010-03-31T00:33:00.000-07:00

Controlling Type 2 Diabetes with Diet

Tips for Diabetics

2010-03-31T00:32:00.001-07:00

Tips for Diabetics

Type 2 Diabetes

2010-03-31T00:30:00.000-07:00

Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes Overview

2010-03-31T00:26:00.001-07:00

Diabetes Overview

A Mechanical Model Of Vocalization

2009-11-28T12:23:00.000-08:00

A Mechanical Model Of Vocalization

When people speak, sing, or shout, they produce sound by pushing air over their vocal folds -- bits of muscle and tissue that manipulate the air flow and vibrate within it. When someone has polyps or some other problem with their vocal folds, the airflow can be altered, affecting the sound production.

"Voice disorders affect 30 percent of the general population and up to 60 percent of educators," says Plesniak. "The objective of our work is to develop a detailed understanding of the phonation process, which will enable the development of computational models."

Wanting to better characterize the physics of this process, George Washington University professor Michael Plesniak and his doctoral student Byron Erath teamed up with speech pathologists a few years ago, while Plesniak was at Purdue University, to investigate the velocity field and flow structures in the airflow that occur when a person speaks.

Plesniak and his students constructed a mechanical model of the vocal folds that had motorized, programmable components that can alter their shape and motion in various ways to mimic vocal folds. By placing this model in a wind tunnel, they examine normal vocalization and common pathologies like the formation of polyps and cysts.

An important feature of the model, says Plesniak, is that it is seven-and-a-half times larger than the actual physiology, which allows the dynamics to be studied in greater detail. The ultimate goal, he adds, is to create tools to help surgeons make preoperative assessments of how a vocal tract surgery will affect an individual's voice.

North Carolina Based Cromoz Inc. Launches Carbon Nanotechnology For Target Drug Delivery System In Cancer Treatment In Hyderabad, India

2009-11-28T12:22:00.000-08:00

North Carolina Based Cromoz Inc. Launches Carbon Nanotechnology For Target Drug Delivery System In Cancer Treatment In Hyderabad, India

Cromoz Inc., located in Research Triangle Park, will initiate water-soluble carbon nanotube-based cancer drug delivery system in Hyderabad, India. The water-soluble carbon nanotubes, which have functional groups on the walls that allows for conjugation with cancer drugs, was developed in partnership with the Indian Institute of Kanpur (ITT). The conjugated carbon nanotubes serves as a drug delivery vehicle with the ability to target the cancer site which has the potential to increase the drug efficacy.

The target drug delivery reduces the amount of chemotherapeutic drugs used in cancer treatment and minimizes the side effects. The reduced dosage without compromising the drug efficacy will make the cancer treatment more potent and targeted to killing the cancer and more affordable and available to a larger community.

"Certain percentage of these carbon nanotubes are composed of smaller Quantum Carbon Dots," stated Iffat Allam, President & CEO of Cromoz Inc. "The nontoxic carbon quantum dots can be used as Fluorescent Probes for imaging living biological processes and to monitor cancer growth. These quantum dots are of assorted sizes, they absorb and emit light at different wavelengths. This results in multi-colored images which will be very useful to diagnose a specific organ and its function and the effect of drug delivery to specific cancer sites."

Cromoz has successfully conjugated cancer drugs such as Taxol and Gemcitabine and is currently working with Johns Hopkins Cancer Center in Maryland, USA. Early next year Cromoz will initiate a research and development (R&D) and manufacturing facility in Biotech Park in Hyderabad, India.

Cromoz Inc., is an advanced materials innovator and manufacturer focused on the development of carbon nanotechnology-enabled products primarily for the biomedical industry. These innovative products are based on two proprietary technologies, water-soluble carbon nanotubes and water-soluble fluorescent carbon quantum dots. The CNTs (Carbon Nano Tubes) are insoluble in water. Some have used a common technique to wrap the CNT with hydrophilic molecules to make them disperse in water. Cromoz have successfully derivatized the multi-wall of CNTs and Carbon Dots to make them water-soluble. These derivatized CNTs are bio-friendly, fluorescent and hence well suited for drug delivery.

Climate Change Could Boost Incidence Of Civil War In Africa

2009-11-28T12:21:00.000-08:00

Climate Change Could Boost Incidence Of Civil War In Africa

Climate change could increase the likelihood of civil war in sub-Saharan Africa by over 50 percent within the next two decades, according to a new study led by a team of researchers at University of California, Berkeley, and published in the online issue of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences(PNAS).

The study, conducted by researchers at UC Berkeley as well as at Stanford University, New York University and Harvard University, provides the first quantitative evidence linking climate change and the risk of civil conflict. It concludes by urging accelerated support by African governments and foreign aid donors for new and/or expanded policies to assist with African adaptation to climate change.

"Despite recent high-level statements suggesting that climate change could worsen the risk of civil conflict, until now we had little quantitative evidence linking the two," said Marshall Burke, the study's lead author and a graduate student at UC Berkeley's Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. "Unfortunately, our study finds that climate change could increase the risk of African civil war by over 50 percent in 2030 relative to 1990, with huge potential costs to human livelihoods."

"We were definitely surprised that the linkages between temperature and recent conflict were so strong," said Edward Miguel, professor of economics at UC Berkeley and faculty director of UC Berkeley's Center for Evaluation for Global Action. "But the result makes sense. The large majority of the poor in most African countries depend on agriculture for their livelihoods, and their crops are quite sensitive to small changes in temperature. So when temperatures rise, the livelihoods of many in Africa suffer greatly, and the disadvantaged become more likely to take up arms."

Understanding the causes and consequences of civil strife in much of the African continent has been a major focus of the social sciences for decades, said Miguel, as monumental suffering has resulted from it. In the case of the Democratic Republic of Congo's, the International Rescue Committee estimates that at least 5.4 million people have died from fighting, hunger and disease during that country's ongoing civil unrest over the past 10 years.

In the study, the researchers first combined historical data on civil wars in sub-Saharan Africa with rainfall and temperature records across the continent. They found that between 1980 and 2002, civil wars were significantly more likely in warmer-than-average years, with a 1 degree Celsius increase in temperature in a given year raising the incidence of conflict across the continent by nearly 50 percent.

Building on this historical relationship between temperature and conflict, the researchers then used projections of future temperature and precipitation change to quantify future changes in the likelihood of African civil war. Based on climate projections from 20 global climate models, the researchers found that the incidence of African civil war could increase 55 percent by 2030, resulting in an additional 390,000 battle deaths if future wars are as deadly as recent ones.

All climate models project rising temperatures in coming decades, said David Lobell, study co-author and an assistant professor of environmental earth systems science at Stanford.

"On average, the models suggest that temperatures over the African continent will increase by a little over 1 degree Celsius by 2030," he added. "Given the strong historical relationship between temperature rise and conflict, this expected future rise in temperature is enough to cause big increases in the likelihood of conflict."

To confirm that this projection was not the result of large effects in just a few countries or due to overreliance on a particular climate model, the researchers recalculated future conflict projections using alternate data. "No matter what we tried - different historical climate data, different climate model projections, different subsets of the conflict data - we still found the same basic result," said Lobell.

It's easy to think of climate change as a long way off, said the researchers, but their study shows how sensitive many human systems are to small increases in temperature, and how fast the negative impacts of climate change could be felt.

"Our findings provide strong impetus to ramp up investments in African adaptation to climate change by such steps as developing crop varieties less sensitive to extreme heat and promoting insurance plans to help protect farmers from adverse effects of the hotter climate

FDA Approves Agriflu Seasonal Influenza Vaccine

2009-11-28T12:19:00.000-08:00

FDA Approves Agriflu Seasonal Influenza Vaccine

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Agriflu for people ages 18 years and older to prevent disease caused by influenza virus subtypes A and B.

Agriflu, manufactured by Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics in Siena, Italy, was approved using the FDA's accelerated approval pathway, which helps safe and effective medical products for serious or life-threatening diseases become available sooner. In this case, Novartis demonstrated that the vaccine induced levels of antibodies in the blood likely to be effective in preventing seasonal influenza.

Agriflu is administered as a single injection in the upper arm and is available in single dose, pre-filled syringes that do not contain preservatives.

"The approval of the new seasonal influenza vaccine, Agriflu, is an important step in adding to the production capacity to enhance the supply of vaccine for the United States for future influenza seasons," said Karen Midthun, M.D., acting director of the FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research.

Common side effects in clinical studies included pain, swelling and redness at the injection site, headache, muscle aches and malaise. People with severe or life-threatening allergies to chicken eggs, or to any other substance in the vaccine, should not be vaccinated.

New Report Shows 97 Medicines And Vaccines Currently In Development For HIV/AIDS

2009-11-28T12:16:00.000-08:00

New Report Shows 97 Medicines And Vaccines Currently In Development For HIV/AIDS

America's pharmaceutical research and biotechnology companies are testing 97 medicines and vaccines to treat or prevent HIV/AIDS and related conditions, according to a new report released by the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA). December 1 marks the 21st anniversary of "WorldAIDS Day" a global awareness campaign that originated at the 1988 World Summit of Ministers of Health on Programmes for AIDS Prevention.

"We are greatly encouraged by these critically important medicines and vaccines in development to treat and prevent HIV infection," says PhRMA President and CEO Billy Tauzin. "Pharmaceutical researchers are continuing their efforts to develop new therapies and vaccines to improve and lengthen the lives of HIV-infected patients."

The report found that the 97 products in development include 23 vaccines and 54 antivirals. These drugs are either in human clinical trials or awaiting approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Thirty-one medicines to treat HIV/AIDS have been approved since scientists first identified the virus that causes AIDS more than 20 years ago. The first HIV/AIDS medicine was approved in 1987, just four years after the virus was identified.

Although the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that more than 1 million Americans were living with HIV infection at the end of 2006, the increased availability and utilization of newer prescription medicines has helped to reduce the U.S. death rate from AIDS substantially in recent years, according to government statistics. In fact, the CDC estimates that since the introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy in 1995, the annual number of deaths in the U.S. due to AIDS has dropped by more than 70 percent.

Despite this progress, AIDS remains a devastating and growing health problem in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, China, India and the Russian Federation. According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, in 2007 an estimated 33 million people were living with HIV, 2.7 million were newly infected with HIV, and 2 million people died from the disease.

From 2000 to 2007, America's pharmaceutical research and biotechnology companies contributed more than $9.2 billion to improve health care in the developing world, according to the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations.

The projects they supported included clinics to treat patients with HIV/AIDS, education and prevention programs, initiatives to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and donations of medicines for AIDS and related diseases. A number of companies also provide AIDS drugs at reduced prices in many countries.

"As a result of HIV/AIDS medicines, a disease that was once a virtual death sentence can now be controlled and treated as if it were a chronic disease," states Tauzin. "And the new medicines our scientists are working on right now bring hope for even more promising results in the future."

"While researchers are making exciting progress in the search for new treatments for HIV/AIDS, these efforts are wasted if the medicines that are developed don't get to the patients who need them," says PhRMA Senior Vice President Ken Johnson.

Help is available to patients in need through the Partnership for Prescription Assistance (PPA), a program sponsored by America's pharmaceutical research companies. To date, the PPA has helped more than 6 million patients nationwide. Since its launch in April 2005, the PPA bus tour has visited all 50 states and more than 3,000 cities.

Lupus and WomenLupus and Women

2009-11-22T04:36:00.000-08:00

Lupus and Women

What Is Lupus?

Lupus is an autoimmune disease in which the body literally attacks itself, harming its own healthy cells and tissues. It can affect the joints, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, blood vessels, and brain, causing inflammation and damage to tissues. For most people, lupus is a mild disease affecting only a few organs. For others, it can be disabling and cause serious and even life-threatening problems. One in five people with the disease are disabled, most commonly from fatigue and joint and muscle pain. Fifteen to 20 percent of all cases of lupus result in death, most commonly from kidney disease, infection, and cardiovascular disease. Currently, there is no cure for lupus. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, symptoms can usually be managed, and most people with the disease can lead active, healthy lives.

Who Has Lupus?

Lupus affects 1.4 million people in the United States (1 in 85). Ninety percent of lupus patients are women, striking most often between the ages of 15 and 44. Lupus is three times more common in black women than in white women and is also more common in women of Hispanic, Asian, and Native American descent. Researchers are trying to learn why these women are more susceptible.

What Are the Different Types of Lupus?

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the form of the disease that most people are referring to when they say "lupus". SLE can affect many parts of the body and its symptoms can range from mild to serious. Although SLE usually develops in people between the ages of 15 and 45 years, it can occur in childhood or later in life as well.

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) mainly affects the skin, causing a red, raised rash on the face, scalp, or other parts of the body. The rash may become thick and scaly and may last for days or years. A small percentage of people with DLE later develop SLE.

Drug-induced lupus is a rare adverse reaction to certain medications. Its symptoms are similar to those of SLE (arthritis, rash, fever, and chest pain, but not kidney disease) but they go away when the drug is stopped. Common medications that may cause drug-induced lupus include hydralazine (Apresoline_), procainamide (Procan_, Pronestyle_), methyldopa (Aldornet_), quinidine (Quinaglute_), isoniazid (INH_), and some anti-seizure medications such as phenytoin (Dilantin_) or carbamazepine (Tegretol_). However, not everyone who takes these drugs will develop drug-induced lupus. Only about 4 percent of the people who take these drugs will develop the antibodies suggestive of lupus. Of those 4 percent, only an extremely small number will develop drug-induced lupus.

Neonatal lupus can affect some newborn babies of women with SLE or certain other immune system disorders. Babies with neonatal lupus may have a serious heart defect. Other affected babies may have a skin rash, liver abnormalities, or low blood counts. Neonatal lupus is very rare, and most infants of mothers with SLE are entirely healthy.

What Causes Lupus?

Although the cause of lupus is unknown, it is likely a combination of genetic, environmental, and possibly hormonal factors. The exact cause may differ from one person to another. Research suggests that genetics plays an important role; and it appears that several genes may be responsible for increasing a person's susceptibility to the disease. Most cases of SLE occur sporadically, indicating that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of the disease. Some of the factors that scientists are studying include sunlight, stress, certain drugs, and infectious agents such as viruses. Even though a virus might trigger the disease in susceptible individuals, a person cannot "catch" lupus from someone else.

What Are the Symptoms of Lupus?

Lupus is characterized by periods of illness (flares) and periods of wellness (remission). It is difficult to diagnose because it is often mistaken for other diseases. The following are some common symptoms of lupus:

Extreme fatigue
Painful or swollen joints (arthritis)
Unexplained fever
"Butterfly" rash across the nose and cheeks that is characteristic to lupus
Skin rashes on other parts of the body
Chest pain or pleurisy (inflammation of the pleura, the membrane that covers the lungs)
Kidney problems
Unusual loss of hair
Pale or purple fingers from cold or stress
Sensitivity to the sun
Low red blood-cell count
Seizures
Mouth or nose ulcers
Cardiovascular disease

Some people also experience headaches, dizziness, or depression. New symptoms may continue to appear years after the initial diagnosis, and different symptoms can occur at different times.

How Is Lupus Diagnosed?

Early diagnosis and treatment are needed to improve health and reduce tissue damage. Diagnosing lupus can be difficult, however, because it may take months or even years for doctors to piece together the symptoms to make an accurate diagnosis. Giving the doctor a complete, accurate medical history is critical to the process of diagnosis. This information, along with a physical examination and the results of laboratory tests, helps the doctor rule out other diseases that may mimic lupus. Reaching a diagnosis may take time and occur gradually as new symptoms appear.

What Are the Treatments for Lupus?

Because each person's symptoms are different, doctors treat lupus on an individual basis. Once lupus has been diagnosed, the doctor will develop a treatment plan based on the patient's age, gender, health, symptoms, and lifestyle. Tailored to the individual's needs, this plan may change over time. In developing a treatment plan, the doctor has several goals: to prevent flares, to effectively treat them when they do occur, and to minimize complications. The doctor and patient should reevaluate the plan regularly to ensure that it is as effective as possible.

Treatment for lupus includes physical and emotional rest, protection from direct sunlight, a healthful diet, exercise, prompt treatment of infections, avoidance of known allergens and aggravating factors, and medication when necessary. The medication the doctor chooses is based on the patient's individual symptoms and needs. For people with joint pain, fever, and swelling, drugs that decrease inflammationCnonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)Care often used. Antimalarials are another type of drug commonly used to treat lupus. They may be used alone or in combination with other drugs to treat fatigue, joint pain, skin rashes, and inflammation of the lungs. Corticosteroid hormones are the mainstay of lupus treatment. Related to cortisol, which is a natural anti-inflammatory hormone, corticosteroids work by rapidly suppressing inflammation. Because they are potent drugs, the doctor will seek the lowest dose with the greatest benefit.

Working closely with the doctor helps ensure that treatments for lupus are as successful as possible. Because some treatments may cause harmful side effects, it is important to promptly report any new symptoms to the doctor.

It is also important not to stop or change treatments without talking to the doctor first. With early diagnosis and the correct treatment and medication, most people with lupus can maintain an overall high quality of life.

SOURCES: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH Publication No. 93-3219; Lupus Foundation of America.

Department of Health and Human Services Activities on Lupus

Office on Women's Health (OWH) within the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) is the Federal government's focal point for women's health issues. OWH works to improve women's health by coordinating women's health research, health care services, policy, and public and health care professional education across the agencies of the DHHS; and collaborating with other government organizations, and consumer and health care professional groups.
Phone: (202) 690-7650;
Web: http://www.4woman.gov/owh/about/index.htm

National Women's Health Information Center (NWHIC), a service of OWH, is a national resource for information on women's health. Through NWHIC, the public and health professionals can access the vast array of Federal and other sources of women's health information.
Phone: 1-800-994-WOMAN (1-800-994-9662);
Web: http://www.4woman.gov/

National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the Federal focal point for biomedical research in the United States. The goal of NIH is to acquire new knowledge to help prevent, detect, diagnose, and treat disease and disability. Within NIH, the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) and the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) conduct and support research on lupus.
Phone: (301) 496-4000;
E-mail: nihinfo@od.nih.gov;
Web: http://www.nih.gov//

NIAMS of the NIH leads the Federal medical research effort in arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases. NIAMS supports research and research training throughout the United States as well as on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD. The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NAMSIC) is a public service sponsored by NIAMS that provides health information.
Phone: (301) 495-4484; TTY: (301) 565-2966;
Web: http://www.nih.gov/niams/
NIAMS has recently produced a manual entitled LUPUS: A Patient Care Guide for Nurses and Other Health Professionals to help health professionals who work with lupus patients to improve their care and quality of life. The guide covers symptoms and diagnosis, advances in lupus research, lab tests for diagnosis and evaluation, lupus medications, health care interventions for general and system-specific manifestations of lupus, psychosocial aspects, and information resources.

Saliva Proteins Change As Women Age

2009-11-22T04:32:00.000-08:00

Saliva Proteins Change As Women Age

In a step toward using human saliva to tell whether those stiff joints, memory lapses, and other telltale signs of aging are normal or red flags for disease, scientists are describing how the protein content of women's saliva change with advancing age. The discovery could lead to a simple, noninvasive test for better diagnosing and treating certain age-related diseases in women, they suggest in a report in ACS' Journal of Proteome Research, a monthly publication. These diseases include lupus, Sjögrens syndrome (associated with dry mouth and dry eye), and other immune-related disorders that affect millions of women worldwide, often at higher rates than in men.

John Yates and colleagues note that human saliva contains many different proteins involved in digestion, disease fighting, and other functions. Scientists are seeking ways to use the proteins as molecular "fingerprints" to develop quick diagnostic tests that provide an alternative to the needle sticks currently needed for blood tests. To do that, they need detailed information on how normal aging affects these proteins.

The scientists analyzed saliva proteins in healthy women aged 20-30 and 55-65. They identified 293 proteins differed between the two age groups. Most were involved in the immune system's defenses against infection. Older women had almost twice as many immune-related proteins than younger women. The results suggest that "it is critical to take into consideration these normal differences in protein expression when searching for clinically relevant, disease specific biomarkers

What is Lupus?

2009-11-22T04:27:00.000-08:00

What is Lupus?

photo © St Thomas' Lupus Trust

Lupus is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks normal, healthy tissue. This results in symptoms such as inflammation, swelling, and damage to joints, skin, kidneys, blood, the heart, and lungs.

Under normal function, the immune system makes proteins called antibodies in order to protect and fight against antigens such as viruses and bacteria. Lupus makes the immune system unable to differentiate between antigens and healthy tissue. This leads the immune system to direct antibodies against the healthy tissue - not just antigens - causing swelling, pain, and tissue damage.
(* An antigen is a substance capable of inducing a specific immune response.)

What are the different types of lupus?

Several different kinds of lupus have been identified, but the type that we refer to simply as lupus is known as systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE. Other types include discoid (cutaneous), drug-induced, and neonatal.

photo © St Thomas' Lupus Trust

Patients with discoid lupus have a version of the disease that is limited to the skin. It is characterized by a rash that appears on the face, neck, and scalp, and it does not affect internal organs. Less than 10% of patients with discoid lupus progress into the systemic form of the disease, but there is no way to predict or prevent the path of the disease.

SLE is more severe than discoid lupus because it can affect any of the body's organs or organ systems. Some people may present inflammation or other problems with only skin and joints, while other SLE sufferers will see joints, lungs, kidneys, blood, and/or the heart affected. This type of lupus is also often characterized by periods of flare (when the disease is active) and periods of remission (when the disease is dormant).

Drug-induced lupus is caused by a reaction with certain prescription drugs and causes symptoms very similar to SLE. The drugs most commonly associated with this form of lupus are a hypertension medication called hydralazine and a heart arrhythmia medication called procainamide, but there are some 400 other drugs that can also cause the condition. Drug-induced lupus is known to subside after the patient stops taking the triggering medication.

A rare condition, neonatal lupus occurs when a mother passes autoantibodies to a fetus. The unborn and newborn child can have skin rashes and other complications with the heart and blood. Usually a rash appears but eventually fades within the first six months of the child's life.

Who is affected by lupus?

According to the Lupus Foundation of America (LFA), 1.5 to 2 million Americans have some form of lupus. The prevalence is about 40 cases per 100,000 persons among Northern Europeans and 200 per 100,000 persons among blacks. Although the disease affects both males and females, women are diagnosed 9 times more often than men, usually between the ages of 15 and 45. African-American women suffer from more severe symptoms and a higher mortality rate.

Other risk factors include exposure to sunlight, certain prescription medications, infection with Epstein-Barr virus, and exposure to certain chemicals.

What causes lupus?

Although doctors are do not know exactly what causes lupus and other autoimmune diseases, most believe that lupus results from both genetic and environmental stimuli.

Since lupus is known to occur within families, doctors believe that it is possible to inherit a genetic predisposition to lupus. There are no known genes, however, that directly cause the illness. It is probable that having an inherited predisposition for lupus makes the disease more likely only after coming into contact with some environmental trigger.

The higher number of lupus cases in females than in males may indicate that the disease can be triggered by certain hormones. Physicians believe that hormones such as estrogen regulate the progression of the disease because symptoms tend to flare before menstrual periods and/or during pregnancy.

Certain environmental factors have been known to cause lupus symptoms. These include:

Extreme stress
Exposure to ultraviolet light, usually from sunlight
Smoking
Some medications and antibiotics, especially those in the sulfa and penicillin groups
Some infections, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus (such as fifth disease), hepatitis C infections, and the Epstein-Barr virus (in children)
Chemical exposure to compounds such as trichloroethylene in well water and dust

What are the symptoms of lupus?

Since no two cases of lupus are exactly alike, there is a wide range of symptoms that are known to affect many parts of the body. Sometimes symptoms develop slowly or appear suddenly; they can be mild, severe, temporary, or permanent. Most people with lupus experience symptoms in only a few organs, but more serious cases can lead to problems with kidneys, the heart, the lungs, blood, or the nervous system.

Lupus episodes, or flares, are usually noted by a worsening of some of the following symptoms:

Achy joints (arthralgia), arthritis, and swollen joints, especially in wrists, small joints of the hands, elbows, knees, and ankles
Swelling of the hands and feet due to kidney problems
Fever of more than 100 degrees F (38 degrees C)
Prolonged or extreme fatigue
Skin lesions or rashes, especially on the arms, hands, face, neck, or back
Butterfly-shaped rash (malar rash) across the cheeks and nose
Anemia (oxygen carrying deficiency of red blood cells)
Pain in the chest on deep breathing or shortness of breath
Sun or light sensitivity (photosensitivity)
Hair loss or alopecia
Abnormal blood clotting problems
Raynaud's phenomenon: fingers turn white and/or blue or red in the cold
Seizures
Mouth or nose ulcers
Weight loss or gain
Dry eyes
Easy bruising
Anxiety, depression, headaches, and memory loss

Lupus can also lead to complications in several areas of the body. These include:

Kidneys - serious kidney damage is a primary cause of death for lupus sufferers.
Central nervous system - lupus can cause headaches, dizziness, memory problems, seizures, and behavioral changes.
Blood and vessels - lupus causes an increased risk of anemia, bleeding, blood clotting, and vessel inflammation
Lungs - noninfectious pneumonia and difficulty breathing due to inflammation of the chest cavity are more likely with lupus
Heart - heart muscle and artery inflammation are more likely with the disease, and lupus increases the chances of cardiovascular disease and heart attacks.
Infection - lupus treatments tend to depress the immune system making your body more vulnerable to infection.
Cancer - lupus increases the risk of cancer, especially of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, lung cancer, and liver cancer
Bone tissue death - a lower blood supply to bone tissue leads to tiny breaks and eventual death of bone. This is most common in the hip bone.
Pregnancy - lupus increases the risk of miscarriage, hypertension during pregnancy, and preterm birth.

What is Lupus? - Video

A short video by Expert Village explaining a bit about what Lupus is.

How is lupus diagnosed?

As signs and symptoms vary considerably from person to person, there is no single diagnostic test that can confirm lupus. In addition, signs and symptoms tend to change over time and are similar to those of other disorders and diseases. These fluctuations in disease activity make lupus extremely challenging to diagnose.

Currently, doctors use guidelines established by The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) to diagnose lupus (SLE). The guidelines focus on eleven abnormalities that, when combined, suggest that the patient has lupus. To be classified as having SLE, a patient must meet 4 of the following 11 symptoms at any time since the onset of the disease:

Serositis - inflammation of the membrane around the lungs (pleuritis) or the heart (pericarditis)
Mucosal ulcers - small sores found in the lining of the mouth and nose
Arthritis - nonerosive arthritis (tenderness, swelling, pain) of two or more peripheral joints
Photosensitivity - skin rash or other symptoms caused by exposure to ultraviolet light
Blood disorder - hemolytic anemia (low red blood cell count), leucopenia and lymphopenia (low white blood cell count), or thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
Renal (kidney) disorder - high protein count in urine
Antinuclear antibody test positive
Immunologic disorder - positives on anti-Smith, anti-ds DNA, antiphospholipid antibody tests.
Neurologic disorder - seizures or psychosis
Malar rash - rash on cheeks
Discoid rash - red, scaly patches on skin that cause scarring

In addition to the above tests, doctors will often conduct a variety of blood tests such as:

Complete blood count (CBC) to detect anemia, low platelet count, and low white blood cell count
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) to determine the rate at which red blood cells settle to the bottom of a tube in an hour. Rates faster than normal may indicate lupus or another systemic disease, inflammatory condition, or infection.
Kidney and liver assessment to look for certain enzymes and albumin
Urinalysis to measure protein levels or red blood cells in the urine
Syphilis test to determine if anti-phospholipid antibodies are in the blood.

How is lupus treated?

There is currently no cure for lupus, nor has there been a new drug to treat the disease in the last 50 years, although there are a number of new drugs currently being researched or in clinical trials. However, early diagnosis and proper medical treatment can significantly help control the disease and its symptoms. Treating lupus effectively consists of minimizing symptoms, reducing inflammation and pain, helping maintain normal function, and preventing serious complications.

Since the disease affects each person differently, treatments are usually tailored to the specific problems that arise in each person. Medications and dosages will also vary depending on the severity of the disease.

When lupus presents with mild or moderate symptoms, the following medications are commonly used in treatment:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, naproxen sodium (Aleve), and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others). Common side effects of NSAIDs include stomach bleeding and an increased risk of heart problems.
Antimalarial drugs such as Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil). There is no known relationship between lupus and malaria, but malaria medicines have been useful in treating lupus symptoms and haven prevented flares of the disease. Side effects include vision problems and muscle weakness.
Corticosteroids to counter inflammation. Serious long-term side effects include weight gain, easy bruising, osteoporosis, hypertension, diabetes, and increased risk of infection. The risk of osteoporosis can be reduced by taking calcium and vitamin D supplements.

When lupus presents with severe or aggressive symptoms, the following treatments are commonly used:

High-dose corticosteroids. These may be taken intravenously or orally to control dangerous signs or symptoms of lupus. However, serious side effects have been observed such as infections, mood swings, hypertension and osteoporosis. Doctors tend to administer the lowest dose possible that will control symptoms, reducing the dosage over time.
Immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) and azathioprine (Imuran). These drugs suppress the immune system and may be helpful in serious lupus cases. They also carry a risk of serious side effects such as an increased risk of infection, liver damage, infertility and an increased risk of cancer.

Other common treatments for specific signs and symptoms include:

Staying out of the sun and wearing sun block to prevent skin rashes. Indoor fluorescent lighting can also trigger skin rashes in some people with lupus. Topical corticoid steroids may be used to treat skin rashes in addition to oral steroids and antimalarial drugs.
Medication to treat fatigue. Difficulty sleeping, depression and poorly controlled pain are all potential causes of fatigue, and doctors will treat these underlying causes. Medications such as corticosteroids and antimalarial drugs may be used if the cause of fatigue cannot be determined.
NSAIDs, antimalarial drugs or corticosteroids to treat swelling around the heart and lungs that causes chest pain.

In addition to medications, physicians recommend that lupus patients take good care of themselves. Patients may see a reduction in the frequency and severity of flares if they make healthy lifestyle choices such as:

Regular exercise.
Becoming educated about lupus.
Not smoking.
Eating a healthful, balanced diet.
Surrounding oneself with a support system of family, friends, and health professionals.

Living with lupus

Although there is no cure for lupus, there are several measures that patients can take to cope with the disease.

Sun care - Use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 that can block both UVA and IVB rays.
Diet - Eat a nutritious and well-balanced diet with limited sugar and salt intake if on corticosteroids. There is some evidence that fish has anti-inflammatory properties, but alfalfa sprouts may increase inflammation.
Pain management - Apply moist heat to painful joints or soak in a hot tub or Jacuzzi.
Exercise - Low-impact walking, swimming, aerobics, and bicycling may help prevent muscle atrophy and lower the risk of osteoporosis.
Rehabilitation - Physical, occupational, and vocational therapists can help you to strengthen muscles, exercise, lower stress, recommend assistive devices, train for a job that does not exacerbate symptoms
Don't smoke. Quit if you are a smoker.
Climate - Changes in pressure can exacerbate symptoms. Try to live somewhere with minimal changes in climate and pressure.
Fatigue - Control fatigue by remaining active and resting for an appropriate amount of time.
Relationships - Maintain good relationships with the physicians that are helping you to manage lupus. Keep appointments, be honest, take medicines, and respect their time.
Pregnancy - Keep aware and consult with a doctor about risks associated with pregnancy for you and your child.
Cognitive function - A psychologist or cognitive therapists may be helpful if lupus leads to cognitive dysfunction or memory loss.

This is Lupus? - Video

A video from the Lupus Foundation. Individuals whoase lives have been greatly affected by lupus describe the suffering caused by disease and offer ways that you can help find a cure.

Lupus news

Medical News Today is a leading resource for the latest headlines on lupus. So, check out our lupus news section. You can also sign up to daily lupus news alerts or our weekly digest newsletters to ensure that you stay up-to-date with the latest news.a

International Sports Star Undergoes Surgery, Regains Sight At UAB After Training Disaster

2009-11-21T13:45:00.001-08:00

International Sports Star Undergoes Surgery, Regains Sight At UAB After Training Disaster

Baljit Singh was looking forward to 2010. The premier event in professional field hockey, the World Cup, is to be hosted in his native India next year. And Singh, 28, was the goalie on the Indian National Team. He was considered the best goalie in Asia, ranked fourth in the world. Until a practice incident on July 17 changed everything.

Singh and the team were practicing in Bundi, in northwestern India. It was a common drill, the coach hitting a golf ball at Singh, trying to keep the ball low. A field hockey ball is about the size of a baseball, and by trying to stop the much smaller and faster moving golf ball, it was thought a goalie could improve his reflexes and timing. Only this time the coach hit the ball too high.

The ball struck Singh directly on the right eye, breaking through his protective mask. The impact caused four fractures in the bones of the eye socket and did extensive damage to the eye itself.

He was rushed to a Delhi hospital and had the first surgery to save his eye within 24 hours. Ophthalmologists there told Singh the optic nerve and his center vision, the macula, were damaged. He was told there was nothing to be done and any further procedures would only cause more damage.

But Singh and his family refused to accept that outcome. They did some research on the Internet and one name kept popping up. Robert Morris, M.D., associate professor of ophthalmology at the Callahan Eye Foundation Hospital at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) and president of the International Society of Ocular Trauma. Morris and his colleagues Doug Witherspoon, M.D., and Ferenc Kuhn, M.D., are renowned for their ability to repair damaged eyes after severe trauma. They have pioneered new techniques and instruments that allow them to gain access to and operate on the back of the eye. And they have shown that even injured eyes with no light perception (NLP) can sometimes be returned to useful vision.

Singh arrived in Birmingham on Aug. 7. Upon examination, Morris discovered that his damaged eye was smaller than normal and shrinking. He had minimal light perception.

"Mr. Singh understood that reconstructing the eye after this sort of trauma is like opening a surprise package," said Morris. "We could not assure him that it would be possible to restore any useful vision. He also understood that fine detail vision was unlikely. None the less, he wanted us to try."

"Dr. Morris was my last hope," said Singh. "I did not want to give up, so I told him to go for it, and we'd hope for the best."

On Aug. 11, Morris operated for the first time. Blood was drained from the eye and the retina re-attached. Silicon oil was injected into the eye to stop the shrinking and give the eye shape. More importantly, Morris discovered that Singh's optic nerve and macula were not destroyed, although the macula had been detached due to bleeding for the three weeks since the original injury.

"He began to see colors again, which was a good sign that the macula was beginning to recover," said Morris. "The macula and optic nerve looked normal although much of the rest of the eye has been badly injured."

In a follow up visit in mid-September, Morris fitted Singh with a contact lens. His vision improved to 20/200, which is the top line of the eye chart. Morris said there is potential to regain greater vision over time, but this was a significant improvement over the bare light perception prior to surgery. A final determination of how much vision Singh will regain won't be possible until early in 2010.

Singh, who returned home in early October, said he is focused on recovering his vision, not playing field hockey.

"I realize that my vision might not come back to the extent that I can play again at the level I did before," Singh said. "I must deal with reality, with both the negative and the positive. I'm thankful for the improvement thus far."

Singh said his teammates and coaches called every day while he was in Birmingham, offering encouragement and support. The Indian news media followed his progress. And he says the team no longer uses the golf ball drill in practice.

"I'm hopeful to regain full vision, but whatever will be, will be," Singh said. "I have full faith in Dr. Morris. He is a famous man in India now."

High Blood Pressure Easy To Miss In Children With Kidney Disease

2009-11-21T13:44:00.000-08:00

High Blood Pressure Easy To Miss In Children With Kidney Disease

Spot blood pressure readings in children with chronic kidney disease often fail to detect hypertension even during doctor's office visits increasing a child's risk for serious heart problems, according to research from Johns Hopkins Children's Center and other institutions. A report of the findings appears online in the Journal of American Society of Nephrology.

Researchers compared blood pressure measurements obtained during regular doctor visits to readings obtained via a special device the children wore at home that automatically recorded their blood pressure every 20 minutes.

Of the 198 children in the study, nearly 40 percent had "masked" hypertension, meaning their blood pressure was normal at the doctor's office, but spiked outside of it.

An even more disturbing finding: Children with masked hypertension were four times more likely to have a form of hypertension-related heart damage called left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) than children with normal blood pressure, researchers report. LVH is a common consequence of untreated hypertension that results in a thickening of the left chamber of the heart and that over time can lead to heart failure and heart rhythm disturbances.

"Taking blood pressure at the doctor's office clearly misses many cases of masked hypertension," says Susan Furth, M.D., Ph.D., a pediatric nephrologist at Hopkins Children's and one of the study's principal investigators. "This means children with chronic kidney disease should have their blood pressure taken at home several times a day and regularly reported to their doctors." An overnight monitor, like the one used in the study, that automatically takes a child's blood pressure every 20 minutes is great, but some insurance companies won't pay for it, investigators say.

"Our findings are a sobering reminder of something we have long known: Blood pressure changes constantly throughout the day," says study lead author Mark Mitsnefes, M.D., M.S., from the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension at Cincinnati Children's. "We really can't rely on a single measurement as a valid indicator."

Investigators recommend that all children with chronic kidney disease get regular at-home readings of their blood pressure in addition to those taken during their visits to the doctor. Even though they used a different device in the study, researchers say many blood pressure monitors sold at drug stores are reliable but urge parents to talk to a doctor before choosing one.

Children who have repeated episodes of high blood pressure, researchers say, should also get a baseline echocardiogram, an ultrasound picture of the heart to evaluate heart muscle and function, and to get them every year thereafter.

This study was part of an ongoing NIH-funded research of chronic kidney disease in children, the largest to date, and involving more than 500 patients from 57centers. Hopkins Children's is one of two clinical coordinating sites, along with the Children's Hospital at the University of Missouri-Kansas City. The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health is the study's data coordinating center.

Kidney disease in children tends to start and evolve silently. More than one-third (37 percent) of kidney transplant patients in 2001 were between the ages of 20 and 44, and the majority of them likely developed the disease in childhood, researchers say. Researchers estimate that 650,000 Americans will develop end-stage renal disease by 2010, costing the health care system $28 billion a year.

WPI Researchers Take Aim At Hard-To-Treat Fungal Infections

2009-11-21T13:43:00.000-08:00

WPI Researchers Take Aim At Hard-To-Treat Fungal Infections

A team of researchers at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) Life Sciences and Bioengineering Center at Gateway Park has developed a new model system to study fungal infections. The system can be a powerful tool for screening potential drug targets for conditions like thrush, athlete's foot and vaginal yeast infections, which affect millions of people each year but are difficult to treat with existing medications. Using the new model, the researchers also identified a gene that may be a promising target for a new anti-fungal drug.

The WPI research team led by Reeta Prusty Rao, PhD, assistant professor of biology and biotechnology, developed the new model using the microscopic soil worm Ceanorhaditis elegans (C. elegans) as a test host which is then infected with the fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae). Commonly known as baker's yeast or brewer's yeast, S. cerevisae doesn't cause disease in humans, but the WPI team found that it can infect, and if left untreated, kill the worm. Since S.cerveisiae has many genes in common with fungi that do cause human disease, the genetic and molecular analysis now possible with this new testing model can be used to identify targets that could prevent or treat fungal infections in people.

"The beauty of this new model is that we can study both sides of the equation: the processes of fungal infection and the host's response to try and fight off that infection," said Prusty Rao.

Fungal infections are persistent and are not easily cleared by the handful of drugs currently available to treat them. As a result, the infections often reoccur. Typically, common fungal infections like athlete's foot and vaginal yeast infections do not cause serious harm. However, when an infection spreads to the bloodstream, it can be deadly. Hospitalized patients with catheters or central intravenous lines are at risk, as the fungi can grow on those devices and enter the body. Because of the lack of an effective treatment, the mortality rate for some systemic fungal infections is nearly 45 percent.

In their recently published study, Prusty Rao's team, working in collaboration with Samuel Politz, PhD, associate professor of biology and biotechnology at WPI, used a range of available genetic tools to monitor the infection process and observe how the worm tried to defend itself against the infection. They also studied which genes in the yeast were involved in trying to fight back against the worm's defense mechanisms. The team reported their findings in the paper "A Pathogenesis Assay Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans Reveals Novel Roles for Yeast AP-1, Yap1, and Host Dual Oxidase BLI-3 in Fungal Pathogenesis" published by the journal Eukaryotic Cell.

The work showed that the worms produce hydrogen peroxide and other so-called reactive oxygen species (ROS) to try and kill the invading fungus, while certain genes in the yeast produce other chemicals that can ward off the hydrogen peroxide attack. One gene in particular, called Yap 1, was found to be essential for the yeast's ability to neutralize the ROS attack. When they removed Yap 1 from the yeast's genome, infection was prevented. This was an important finding because Yap 1 is found only in fungi, not people. If a drug can be developed to target only that gene, it should not have any side-effects in people.

"The challenge has been to find therapeutic agents that can kill the fungus, but not harm the surrounding tissue; that's proven to be very difficult," Prusty Rao said. "In this study, we show that the gene Yap 1 is essential for infection, and it is only found in yeast, including the strains that do cause disease in people. So this is a promising target for further study."

Women Can Quit Smoking And Control Weight Gain

2009-11-21T13:42:00.000-08:00

Women Can Quit Smoking And Control Weight Gain

Many women don't quit smoking because they are afraid of gaining weight. That's because nicotine suppresses the appetite and boosts a smoker's metabolism.

But a new meta-analysis (results of several studies) shows that women who quit smoking while receiving treatment for weight control are better able to control their weight gain and are more successful at quitting cigarettes.

The finding disproves current clinical guidelines that say trying to diet and quit smoking at the same time will sabotage efforts to ditch cigarettes.

"Women who smoke often feel caught between a rock and hard place, because they're concerned about their health but also concerned about their appearance," said Bonnie Spring, lead author of the study and a professor of preventive medicine at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. "Now they don't have to choose between the two."

Previously, it was assumed that a person could only change one health risk behavior at a time. "But these findings show that, at least in the case of smoking and eating, you actually get an added benefit when you try to change a couple of behaviors at once," Spring said.

Recently published in the journal Addiction, Spring's paper examined the results from 2,233 smokers in 10 studies from 1991 to 2007.

The study showed that women whose treatment addressed both smoking and weight control were 29 percent more likely to quit smoking in the short term (at three months) and 23 percent in the long term (from six to 14 months) than those whose treatment addressed only smoking. Women whose treatment included smoking and weight control also gained less weight than those whose treatment included only smoking. They gained an average of 2.1 pounds less in the short term and 2.5 pounds less in the long term.

Spring hopes the study results will change doctors' attitudes and current clinical guidelines about combining weight control and smoking cessation. "Perhaps this news also will encourage more women to quit," she added, noting that cigarette smoking kills an estimated 178,000 women in the U.S. each year. About 17.4 percent of women in the U.S. smoke.

Her meta-analysis looked at different kinds of approaches to weight control.

"Some worked better than others, " she said. "Now we need different investigators to test out those most promising treatments to see if they get the same good results."

More studies also are needed that offer longer-term intervention for weight and smoking cessation. The literature on weight control shows patients lose the benefit when they stop treatment, Spring pointed out.

What Is Cartilage Damage? What Is Articular Cartilage Damage?

2009-11-21T13:41:00.000-08:00

What Is Cartilage Damage? What Is Articular Cartilage Damage?

Cartilage structures and functions can relatively easily be harmed, often resulting in damage. Cartilage is a tough, flexible connective tissue that is found in many areas of the body. This fine, rubbery tissue mainly functions as a cushion for bones at joints. The English word "cartilage" comes from the Latin word cartilage, which means "cartilage" or "gristle".

Cartilage has several functions:

Shock absorber: Cartilage covers the surface of joints, allowing bones to slide over one another. It reduces any friction, prevents any damage and helps to support weight when moving, bending, stretching or running.

Acts as a mould: the tough, flexible cartilage tissue forms specially shaped and curved body parts that would otherwise have no support from the bones. For instance, the outside of the ears and most of the nose are made up of cartilage.

However, cartilage unlike other types of tissue does not have a blood supply. Blood cells help repair tissue damage. As a result, unlike damaged skin or muscles that can heal, damaged cartilage will not heal quickly.

There are three types of cartilage:

Elastic cartilage is the most springy and supple type of cartilage. This type of cartilage makes up the outside of the ears, some of the nose, and also the epiglottis.

Fibrocartilage is the toughest type of cartilage, and it is able to withstand a great deal of weight. It is found between the discs and vertebrae of the spine and between the bones in the hips and pelvis.

Hyaline cartilage is both springy and tough. It is found between the ribs, around the windpipe, and between the joints. The cartilage between the joints is known as articular cartilage.

Types of cartilage damage

All three types of cartilage can be damaged. A blow to the ear can damage the elastic cartilage, causing the ear to appear deformed. Or, the fibro cartilage between the discs of the back can become damaged, resulting in a slipped disc.

One of the most common and potentially serious types of cartilage damage occurs in the articular cartilage that lies in between a joint, usually the knee joint. This can cause pain, swelling, and some loss of mobility. Articular cartilage damage is not life threatening, but does strongly affect the quality of life. This damage is often the cause of severe pain, swellings, handicapped mobility and severe restrictions to the patient's activities.

What are the signs and symptoms of cartilage damage?

A symptom is something the patient feels and reports, while a sign is something other people, such as the doctor notice. For example, pain may be a symptom while a rash may be a sign.

The symptoms of articular cartilage damage include:

decreased range of movement in the affected joint
joint pain
stiffness
swelling

If the damage is particularly severe, a piece of cartilage can break off and become loose. In this case, the loose piece of cartilage may affect the movement of the joint. This can cause a feeling of the joint 'locking' or catching. Sometimes, the joint may also give way.

What are the causes of cartilage damage?

Direct blow: Articular cartilage damage can occur as a result of a sudden, direct blow to the cartilage. This can happen, for example, when falling directly onto the knees. This is why cartilage damage is often a problem for people who play sports that involve physical contact,such as football, rugby, and some martial arts.

'Wear and tear': Cartilage can also become damaged gradually, over time. There is an increased risk of developing this type of cartilage damage for overweight individuals, or for people with a problem with the structure of the joint. This type of long-term damage to the cartilage is known as osteoarthritis.

Immobility: Being immobile for a long period can also damage the cartilage. It requires regular movement in order for it to function properly.

Articular cartilage has a very limited capacity for self repair. Small damage does not repair itself and can often get worse over time.

How is cartilage damage diagnosed?

Diagnosing articular cartilage damage can be difficult. The diagnosis cannot be confirmed through physical examination. In addition, the symptoms are similar to the ones of other types of knee injuries, such as a sprain or a damaged ligament.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): MRI scans use strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body. It can often detect cartilage damage.

Arthroscopy: This is a form of 'keyhole surgery' where the surgeon makes a small incision into the joint. An arthroscope (a small, flexible tube with a camera) is used to look inside the joint.

Arthroscopies can be carried out under local anesthetic and there is no need for an overnight stay at the hospital.

Grading of cartilage damage

After an arthroscopy, the extent of the damage can be determined. Cartilage damage is measured in grades from zero to four:
- Grade 0 - the cartilage is healthy, undamaged and intact.
- Grade 1 - the cartilage has some blistering and soft spots.
- Grade 2 - there is a minor defect (less than 50 percent) in the cartilage. There are minor tears in the surface of the cartilage.
- Grade 3 - there is a deeper defect (more than 50 percent), deep crevices in the cartilage.
- Grade 4 - the cartilage has lost all of its thickness, leaving the bones of the joint exposed.
The grading does not always correspond to the level of pain. For example, one person may have severe pain as a result of grade-one damage, while another person who has sustained extensive damage may experience very little pain. Pain is not a good indicator of the extent of the damage. Also, the size of each defect will be measured as well as its location.

What is the treatment for cartilage damage?

There are a number of non-surgical treatments that can help to relieve the symptoms of damaged articular cartilage:

Physiotherapy: A set of exercises that strengthen the muscles surrounding or supporting the joint. This may help to reduce the pressure on the joint, and reduce pain.

Painkillers: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, can help to reduce swelling and pain. Avoid taking ibuprofen if there is history of stomach problems, such as a peptic ulcer.

Supportive devices: for example, a cane, or a leg brace.

Lifestyle changes: for example, reducing activity that involves the affected joint.

Non-surgical treatment may only provide short-term relief and surgery may be required in more severe cases.

Surgical treatment

Arthroscopic lavage and debridement: It is a technique that is used when pieces of cartilage have become loose in the joint, causing the joint to lock up. An arthroscope (a flexible tube with a camera on the end) is used to enter the joint, before literally 'washing out' the joint using a saline solution.

The technique cannot repair the damaged cartilage, but it can help to reduce the pain and increase mobility.

Marrow stimulation: It is a procedure that involves drilling tiny holes (micro fractures) into the bone underneath the damaged cartilage. This exposes the blood vessels inside the bone. As a result, it leads to the formation of a blood clot within the damaged cartilage. The blood cells then begin to stimulate the production of new cartilage. The disadvantage to the procedure is that the newly generated cartilage is fibro cartilage rather than hyaline cartilage. Fibro cartilage is not as supple as hyaline cartilage. Therefore, there is a risk that it can wear away after a few years in some cases. Further surgery may be required.

Mosaicplasty: It is a new technique that involves removing healthy cartilage from the non-weight bearing areas of a joint, such as the side of the knee. It is then used to replace the damaged cartilage.

Mosaicplasty appears to be successful in most people. However, there is not enough available evidence to determine what the possible long-term advantages and drawbacks of the technique may be.

As it is a new procedure, the possible risks and benefits of the technique should be fully discussed with the surgeon.

Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) : It is another new technique where a small sample of cartilage cells is taken from the edge of the knee.

The cells are then sent to a laboratory and placed in an incubator, where they are given nutrients. This encourages them to divide and produce new cells. After a few weeks, the number of cartilage cells will have increased by 50 times from their original number. The new cartilage will be used to replace the damaged cartilage.

The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), UK, has studied ACI and determined that there is not enough evidence about its long-term effects or safety. It is only available as part of a clinical trial or in a number of private clinics. The possible risks and benefits should be fully discussed with the surgeon before choosing to have the procedure.

Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation following any articular cartilage repair procedure is essential for the success of any articular cartilage resurfacing technique. The rehabilitation is often long and demanding. Mainly because it takes a long time for the cartilage cells to adapt and mature into repair tissue. Cartilage is a slow adapting substance.

Current research

There are a number of research projects that are currently investigating additional efficient and effective ways of repairing cartilage.

Hybrid cartilage: created by combining human cells with synthetic fibers.

Stem cells: Another project is looking at ways of using special cells, known as stem cells, to generate new cartilage.

These projects are still in their initial stages. But, researchers are confident that they will in time lead to new kinds of treatment.

Parkinson's Disease And Its Effects On The Mind And Emotions

2009-11-20T08:29:00.001-08:00

Parkinson's Disease And Its Effects On The Mind And Emotions

When the phrase "Parkinson's disease" is mentioned the majority of people will automatically think about the physical symptoms associated with the condition such as the tremors, the loss of mobility and other motor impairments. However coping with Parkinson's disease also take a tremendous toll on the emotional well being of the sufferer; something that many people don't consider.

Feelings of anxiety, frustration, embarrassment at not being able to do every day things and often depression can have a huge effect on Parkinson's patients. These psychological symptoms occur as a result of the physical symptoms and can have a very negative effect on a person. Depressive episodes are seen in an average of 50% of patients and these episodes often alternate with anxiety attacks so that the patient has the symptoms of a manic-depressive. Alternating emotional outbursts of depression and anxiety are common in around 80% of cases.

Partial memory loss can also add to the psychological stresses felt by a Parkinson's sufferer. As the disease progresses, patients can begin to forget dates, names and faces which can be quite traumatic, especially when the sufferer knows that a person is a loved one but they can not recall their name or what relation they are to them.

However with a loving support system of friends and family and all the information that can possibly be known about Parkinson's disease, many of the emotional symptoms of the disease can be kept under control i.e. depressive episodes and feelings of frustration. It is very helpful to a sufferer if they can join a local support group as well so that they can talk about their emotions with people who understand exactly what they are going through. Simply having someone who is experiencing the same feelings and frustrations can prove to be a very positive influence.

It is also helpful for a Parkinson's sufferer to participate in activities that hold their interest, be they physical activities or mental activities. Having happy experiences can quickly fend off any depressive feelings and mental exercises will help to keep the brains functioning normal for longer. Any activity can be enjoyed with the support of a loved one so for example daily exercises can be made fun if they are performed to music with a partner. They can even become a bit of a competition with a reward for the winner.

For the Parkinson's sufferer, work can be both a burden and a release. Explaining the situation to management can mean that allowances are often made so that stress levels and physical labor are kept to a minimum. People in general are very understanding when it comes to long term illness in the workplace and a good boss will help in any way they can. This means that a Parkinson's disease sufferer can remain active and with the people they know for much of the day, thus leaving less time to sit and contemplate their condition. Research has shown that the most emotionally stable Parkinson's disease patients are those who can make a joke out of their symptoms and who don't let the condition get them down, under any circumstances.

Parkinson's Disease - Definition, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

2009-11-20T08:28:00.000-08:00

Parkinson's Disease - Definition, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system.

Parkinson's disease occurs when nerve cells, or neurons, in an area of the brain known as the substantia nigra die or become impaired. Normally, these neurons produce an important brain chemical known as dopamine. At least 500,000 people in the United States currently have PD. Parkinson's disease belongs to a group of conditions called movement disorders. Parkinson's disease is progressive, meaning the signs and symptoms become worse over time. But although Parkinson's disease may eventually be disabling, the disease often progresses gradually. Parkinson disease affects movement (motor symptoms). Typical other symptoms include disorders of mood, behavior, thinking, and sensation (non-motor symptoms). Individual patients' symptoms may be quite dissimilar and progression of the disease is also distinctly individual. Parkinson's usually begins around age 60. It is more common in men than in women. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease often start on one side of the body first and then affect both sides.

There are many secondary symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease patients may notice that they are weaker or more tired. Symptoms include disorders of mood, behavior, thinking, and sensation. Poor balance is due to the impairment or loss of the reflexes that adjust posture in order to maintain balance. Falls are common in people with Parkinson's. Shaking (muscle tremor). This is one of the first symptoms in three-quarters of people, and affects most people with Parkinson's disease. Bradykinesia is the phenomenon of a person experiencing slow movements. In addition to slow movements, a person with bradykinesia will probably also have incomplete movement, difficulty initiating movements and sudden stopping of ongoing movement. The progressive loss of voluntary and involuntary muscle control produces a number of secondary symptoms associated with Parkinson's. Postural instability, or impaired balance and coordination, causes patients to develop a forward or backward lean and to fall easily.

Parkinson's disease requires broad-based management including patient and family education, support group services, general wellness maintenance, exercise, and nutrition.

Medications can help manage problems with walking, movement and tremor by increasing the brain's supply of dopamine. Amantadine may also be added to carbidopa-levodopa therapy for people in the latter stages of Parkinson's disease. Catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) inhibitors drugs prolong the effect of carbidopa-levodopa therapy by blocking an enzyme that breaks down dopamine. Tolcapone (Tasmar) is a potent COMT inhibitor that easily crosses the blood-brain barrier. A medicine called levodopa is often given to people who have Parkinson's disease. Called "L-dopa," this medicine increases the amount of dopamine in the body and has been shown to improve a person's ability to walk and move around. Thalamotomy involves the destruction of small amounts of tissue in the thalamus - a major brain center for relaying messages and transmitting sensations.

Parkinson's Disease Treatment

Carbidopa and benserazide are dopa decarboxylase inhibitors.
Tolcapone inhibits the COMT enzyme, thereby prolonging the effects of L-dopa, and so has been used to complement L-dopa.
Selegiline and rasagiline reduce the symptoms by inhibiting monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B).
An antiviral drug, amantadine, can help reduce symptoms of PD and levodopa-induced dyskinesia.
COMT (catechol-O-methyl-transferase) inhibitors are a new class of drugs that stop the breakdown of dopamine.
Other therapies that are important for managing and coping with Parkinson's disease include physiotherapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy.
Amantadine acts like a dopamine replacement drug but works on different sites in the brain.

The Primary Cause of Parkinson Disease

2009-11-20T08:27:00.000-08:00

The Primary Cause of Parkinson Disease

Parkinson's disease is a degenerative illness caused fundamentally by the gradual breakdown of a specific part of the brain. While this is the primary cause of Parkinson disease, there can be a number of reasons why this degeneration occurs.

The vast of majority of people suffering from Parkinson disease have been told that the cause is unspecific; meaning that there's no way of knowing why it has happened. Others, on the other hand may have developed Parkinson disease because of the genetics they've inherited from parents or grandparents; if someone's mother or father had Parkinson disease then they are also prone to it. Scientists have confirmed that there are 9 possible genes in human Dna that can be responsible for the onset of this disease. Various traumas (specifically to the head) can be to blame, as can exposure to certain toxins such as pesticides. While each of these causes is starkly different they all share one thing in common: they cause degeneration of the brain's Substantia Nigra and as a result we can call this the primary cause of Parkinson disease.

The Substantia Nigra is the part of the brain that is responsible for dopamine production. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that allows messages to be passed through the brain and ultimately control movement. When there is a loss of dopamine carrying out intended actions can be difficult, which we see quite clearly in people with Parkinson's disease who take longer than average to answer a question, or who find something as simple as picking up a cup takes well over 10 seconds. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease can vary widely depending on the severity of the condition and the individual differences of the person affected. Alongside the fact that the cause of Parkinson disease can vary widely too, care can be completely different from one patient to the next.

So we know exactly what causes the Parkinson's disease to develop: the degeneration of the Substantia Nigra, yet what causes this to happen remains unclear. At present scientists and medical experts are researching the production of dopamine to see how the death of dopamine producing cells can be prevented. If this can be done then Parkinson's disease could be prevented when it's caught early. If scientists manage to find a way or reversing this kind of cell death then a cure for the cause of Parkinson disease will have been found.

If you, or a family member, have recently been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease then it's important to understand that while the causes have been narrowed down to genetics, trauma or exposure to toxins these may not be the only causes that exist. The most important thing fo you to do now is seek a long term routine of care, treatment and preventative measures so that quality of life is preserved for as long as possible. Parkinson's disease is a very unfortunate, debilitating and cruel disease but with the right network of doctors and friends to help you seek treatment as early on in the illness as possible you could slow down its progression considerably.

Options for Parkinson Treatment

2009-11-20T08:26:00.000-08:00

Options for Parkinson Treatment

Parkinson's is a disease that when tackled early on, its progression can be slowed down considerably; compared with how it would progress without intervention. Parkinson treatment involves a few different angles, including prescription medication, therapy (whether medical or alternative) and sometimes surgery if it is required.

Prescription medication will often be the first port of call that a doctor or specialist will take for someone who has just been diagnosed with Parkinson's and even this is multi-faceted. The medication that a patient takes is designed to increase the uptake of dopamine in the brain, stimulate the parts of the brain that produce this neurotransmitter and block any enzymes and other neurotransmitters that make uptake or dopamine less effective. Why? Because people with Parkinson's are suffering from a lack of dopamine uptake within the brain. Dopamine allows messages from the brain travel through the nerves and cause voluntary movements. Because there is a lack of dopamine in the brain, movements become inhibited and more difficult as levels of this particular neurotransmitter decrease. The courses of medication that an individual takes as Parkinson treatment will not be the same as every other, because the causes of Parkinson's disease vary, as does the way in which it manifests due to individual physiological differences. Because of this it can sometimes take time to find a combination of drugs that work well to slow the progression and/or ease the symptoms of the condition.

Therapies can involve things like occupational therapy if a person is still in work and doesn't need to leave due to disability just yet. With many jobs managing the symptoms of Parkinson's disease is enough. Others include speech therapy, physiotherapy and consultations with a nutritionist who can develop an eating plan with the patient to include foods that have proven beneficial to Parkinson's sufferers.

Surgery as a Parkinson treatment is usually only used in extreme cases. At present there are just two types of surgery used for the condition; the first of which is lesioning. Lesioning is an irreversible procedure that involves inserting electrodes into various areas of the brain. These then damage certain cells that are responsible for the onset and progression of Parkinson's and can slow down any further progression. The second type of surgery can be reversed and is known as Deep Brain Stimulation (or DBS), involving the insertion of several electrodes on a wire which gives out electrical impulses to specific brain regions. The wire is attached to an impulse generator which must be inserted under the skin on the head and can be visible, especially in patients with less hair. While this is an effective Parkinson treatment, it does only treat the symptoms of the disease, rather than the root cause of it which is yet unknown.

For someone with a recent diagnosis of the disease there are lots of great quality Parkinson treatments available. Even though the cause(s) and a definitive cure have not been found yet, the outlook for a Parkinson's sufferer is good because of medications and therapies that can slow down the progression of the illness.

Parkinson Therapy

2009-11-20T08:25:00.000-08:00

Parkinson Therapy

Parkinson disease is a progressive illness, characterized by the degeneration of a part of the brain responsible for processing motor signals. It can develop for a number of reasons (genetic, due to trauma or exposure to toxins) and the way it develops depends entirely upon the individual. Because of this there needs to be a variety in the way Parkinson disease is treated and Parkinson therapy is a crucial part of a patient's treatment.

The term 'therapy' doesn't simply refer to counseling. Although regular appointments with a trained psychotherapist may help a person come to terms with their illness emotionally, it is unlikely to make a big impact upon their actual physical condition. 'Therapy' for those with Parkinson disease instead refers to a range of different pursuits that tackle the symptoms and even the cause of Parkinson disease from all angles. By simply visiting a local doctor sufferers and their families can be put in touch with trained professionals who work one on one with Parkinson's patients on a daily basis.

Firstly, Parkinson therapy can include occupational therapy if a person is in employment; whether full time or part time. Occupational therapy essentially helps a person to learn how to balance their work life so that it doesn't become stressful while they are coping with the disease. Simply because a person is suffering from Parkinson disease that doesn't necessarily mean they must give up their job and many people are able to continue working years after the disease is first diagnosed. Patients are often assigned an occupational therapist who will plan their work week around other areas of their life, formulate specific exercises to carry out at certain times of the day and generally provide support.

While the logistics are dealt with by occupational therapists, another part of Parkinson therapy is one which deals with patients whose speech has been affected by the disease. Speech and language therapists help to regain speech and eradicate speech impediments that might evolve as a result of the disease. Patients will often be taught methods to carry on at home so they can improve their quality of speech on their own, too.

Physiotherapy is perhaps the most important form of Parkinson therapy as it can help individuals regain control of their motor movements and develop motor skill that were previously lost. Again, a physiotherapist will often give the patient a number of simple exercises to carry out throughout the week on their own so that they make their own progression and can maintain it as well.

Parkinson therapy is an almost essential part of treatment for the disease. While some with an advanced form of the illness may undergo surgery and someone with the early stages of Parkinson disease may be taking prescription medication, all kinds of therapy can be a benefit to all Parkinson disease sufferers. Because there are so many different forms of therapy for this disease there is something for everyone involved, no matter how individual their symptoms and condition may be.

Early Symptoms of Parkinson Disease

2009-11-20T08:22:00.001-08:00

Early Symptoms of Parkinson Disease

Parkinson disease is one example of a progressive illness. This means that as time passes, the symptoms get worse and are mostly irreversible. What this also means is that the early symptoms of Parkinson disease are usually very subtle but grow more pronounced as time passes. As a result, it can be difficult to define whether a person is suffering from the early stages of Parkinson disease or not.

In a lot of cases the individual themselves doesn't actually notice that anything is wrong, but a close relative or loved one does. This could be that they slur their words a little, or are slower going up and down the stairs than usual. They might have become more clumsy lately or their hands have a small tremor. These things are usually attributed to old age, but there are ways to identify if it is indicative of the early symptoms of Parkinson disease too.

How the individual feels in themselves is incredibly important as Parkinson disease has other effects other than simply shaking or having slowed motor skills. The early symptoms of Parkinson disease may include feeling under the weather, more lethargic than usual and having myalgia: a general unwell feeling. They are also likely to notice a change in their motor skills and perhaps speech. It may be harder to do simple tasks, or their handwriting might change and become harder to control. Those who are artists or who have delicate or fiddly hobbies or careers usually notice increased difficulty. One of the other most common symptoms is feeling more rigid than usual. Partners or family might notice that a person's facial expressions become less animated and instead of looking happy they look like their smile is somewhat forced. It's not, of course, but the muscles are not receiving adequate signals to produce a full smile. Symptoms like this are often harder on the carer or relative that they are on the sufferer which is why counseling can be just as important to them as it is to the individual affected.

The single most important thing for someone who thinks they may have the early symptoms of Parkinson disease to do is seek medical help. Early treatment of this disease is the most effective and so you should seek a diagnosis as soon as possible. Even if your doctor or a specialist doesn't think it is Parkinson's they may be able to help diagnose another illness that requires rapid treatment, or keep an eye on your symptoms closely to see that they don't progress.

The early symptoms of Parkinson disease are quite simple toned down symptoms that are experienced later on in the disease. While you may be reluctant to contact your doctor if you have what you think are insignificant symptoms, it's incredibly important to act fast and be vigilant with this illness. Even a matter of weeks could make the different between a person being able to write a letter in one year's time or 5 year's time.a

Delicious Pasta Salad Recipes

2009-11-19T09:24:00.001-08:00

Delicious Pasta Salad Recipes

One of the greatest things about pasta as a food is its diversity. It's flexible in the way that you can buy it in so many different shapes and colors, then serve it with any kind of meat or vegetables and a variety of different sauces too. In addition, pasta doesn't have to just be served hot. Pasta salad is a great dish to serve at a buffet or as part of a summer barbecue along with grilled meats, vegetables and buttered bread.

Firstly you should know how to create the base ingredient: cold pasta. Luckily it's not hard! All you need to do is cook the pasta for as long as the packet suggests. Drain in a colander and place and cold running water for 2 to 3 minutes and drain again. Place the pasta in a bowl or casserole dish, mix in a glug or two of olive oil, season with salt and pepper and refrigerate until ready to serve.

It's very easy to create your own pasta salad recipe once you know what the right vegetables are that you should use. Consider that mushrooms, carrots, broccoli and cauliflower are not very nice cooked and then left to go cold, whereas courgettes, peppers and sweetcorn are. With pasta salad you can cook the past on its own, leave it to go cold and then add fresh vegetables that haven't been cooked afterwards. For instance, if you grow peas then a simple pasta salad with fresh peas and a light vinaigrette dressing gives a lovely fresh taste to go with cold meat. You could also use a variety of uncooked peppers to give your pasta salad a colorful look. Add mayonnaise, a few chopped tomatoes or even just some springs of parsley.

Tuna pasta bake is a meal that can either be eaten hot or cold. For this reason it's fantastic to make a huge lasagna dish full of it, eat a hot meal and then keep it for your lunch for the next day and the day after that. Simply cook your pasta until it is almost cooked, but a little too al dente to enjoy. Drain and put to one side. Then, make a thick white sauce and melt plenty of grated cheese into it so it is to your taste. Mix in a drained tin of tuna and any vegetables you might want (sweetcorn and spinach are both good), mix the pasta into this too and pour into a casserole dish. Grate some extra cheese over the top and put into a medium heat oven for 20 minutes, until the cheese has melted and has gone a little crispy. You can then leave it to go cold and serve with lettuce leaves, cucumber and tomato or serve right away with hot vegetables such as peas or broccoli.

If you are putting on a cold buffet or barbecue spread for guests then it's a good idea to give them a choice of two or three different pasta salads. You can cook a big batch of pasta, separate it into three bowls and simply serve with different sauces, dressings and vegetables.

Cooking Pasta for a Crowd

2009-11-19T09:23:00.001-08:00

Cooking Pasta for a Crowd

Cooking for a crowd is always a bit nerve wracking, especially if you've never done it before. Luckily, there is one option that's almost guaranteed never to go wrong, and one that guests are almost guaranteed to like as well; Pasta. It's one of those dishes that's incredibly versatile, eaten cold or hot, with vegetables, meat or fish and with tomato or creamy sauces or with just salt and pepper to season. The possibilities are plenty.

Firstly you should learn a few tips about cooking the actual pasta before concentrating on what to put with it. Always wait until your water is at a rolling boil before adding the pasta. You should also have added a glug of olive oil to the water. Both these things stop the pasta sticking to the bottom of the pan and to each other, so that they cook evenly and don't have chewy bits. You should also always follow what the packet says, but test the pasta about 5 minutes before it says it will be done. Most people like their pasta little 'al dente' which literally means 'to the tooth', i.e. it should be firm but cooked through when bitten into, not soft and falling apart. One good test of whether spaghetti is cooked is to throw one piece at a painted wall; if it sticks then it's done (don't forget to take it off though or your guests will worry about the rest of the dish!).

Secondly, consider what meat you would like to use. Remember that beef goes best with tomato sauces whereas chicken goes better with creamy, white wine sauces and mushrooms. A great idea is to make an authentic tomato sauce over the course of the whole day (start it the morning of the day you wish to serve it) and simply throw in an already oven-cooked piece of meat half way through. For instance, a good quality beef joint still on the bone. Remove the bone and gristle before serving and you'll have tender pieces of beef in the sauce that almost melt in your mouth. Fish will go very well with either, especially shellfish which gives tomato based sauces a gorgeous flavor. With good quality seafood and shellfish you can just use olive oil and salt and pepper seasoning. Serve your pasta meals with buttery, crispy garlic bread drizzled with balsamic vinegar and you will definitely win some hearts.

Don't forget that cooking pasta for a crowd can also involve a variety of pasta salad dishes too. Try one with sweetcorn, mayonnaise and lemon juice and another with a drizzling of olive oil, balsamic vinegar and a range of different colored uncooked peppers. The main thing to remember is that people don't like pasta that's drowning in sauce, and they also don't like their pasta to be soggy because it's been cooked too much. Al dente with olive oil, salt and pepper seasoning and a garlic and tomato sauce is a classic and delicious dish that will go with any meat, fish or Mediterranean vegetable.

Shrimp Scampi Pasta Recipe

2009-11-19T09:21:00.000-08:00

Shrimp Scampi Pasta Recipe

Scampi is a term that is used differently in different parts of the world. Unlike the British, for whom scampi means breaded lobster tail meat, Americans refer to scampi as shrimp or other meat fried in butter with garlic and white wine. Int his article we'll be telling you how to make your own shrimp scampi pasta recipe, American style.

The most important ingredient in the shrimp scampi pasta recipe is, of course the scampi itself. Basically, the better quality shrimp you buy, the better tasting your dish will be. Try to pick up your large shrimp fresh from the fishmonger, who may even remove the tails if you ask. Keep them refrigerated until you're just about to use them, to keep them as fresh as possible.

Also for this recipe you'll need white wine, a little bit of olive oil, 4 cloves of garlic, salt, pepper, butter and a bottle of white wine. The wine can be cooking or normal, but not of the sparkling or dessert varieties. Begin by bringing a pan of water to a rolling boil, adding a glug of olive oil and however much pasta you need to feed your group. 5 minutes later, heat up 1 tbsp oil in a skillet, until it moves around fluidly, but doesn't have any bubbles. Add your 4 cloves of very finely chopped or crushed garlic cloves and the shrimp, mix them together and leave to cook for four minutes, stirring once half way through.

Next, remove the shrimp and place into a bowl, leaving the garlic infused oil in the pan. Melt 60g butter in the skillet, followed by a glass of white wine and leave to cook for another four minutes, so it reduces. By now your pasta should be cooked, so remove it from the heat, drain it in a colander and then add it to the skillet (which has been removed from the heat) so you can mix the ingredients together. Add the shrimp back to the skillet as well and then you can serve from there, or pour the meal into a separate serving dish. Season with salt and pepper to taste.

You can always serve your shrimp scampi pasta recipe in separate dishes: one with shrimp and the other with plain pasta. This allows your guests to decide how much of each they want to eat. If you do choose this method, however, remember to toss your plain pasta in a little olive oil to stop it sticking together which it's on the table. Alternatively you could also add finely chopped chili peppers to the mixture when you add the garlic and prawns to the skillet. This will give the dish a spicy kick and it's great when served with soured cream.

This shrimp scampi recipe is an Italian-American classic which will always go down a treat at dinner parties and family meals. Remember to buy good quality ingredients, especially the shrimp and wine, as this will greatly enhance the overall taste of the dish.

A Case for the Radish

2009-11-19T00:45:00.000-08:00

A Case for the Radish

They sit left behind on relish trays. They're often by-passed in grocery store refrigerator shelves. Dad and Grandpa usually eat them but later complain of belching them up. The poor radish has gotten a bum rap. There are at least five different varieties; but for now, the popular, red globe variety will be spotlighted. They are a great source of vitamin C and an excellent low calorie snack (only 12 calories in a half cup of radishes). Radishes are root vegetables that are classified in the cabbage and mustard family, thus their strong taste.

Most people eat them raw, with a little salt. If you'd like your radishes to be a little crispier and a little less sharp in taste, put them in ice water for a couple hours before you plan to eat them. There are also a number of ways to cook them. Boil a half inch of water, add the sliced radishes, and then cover and simmer until tender, adding more water if necessary. Cook five to ten minutes. To microwave, place a half pound of sliced radishes in a microwave safe dish with 1 tablespoon of water or broth. Cook for approximately four minutes.

If the taste of raw radishes is a little too pungent for some, try them steamed. Their bright red skin will turn pink on steamed radishes. The easiest way to steam them is to place whole radishes in a vegetable steamer and cook over boiling water until barely tender. Cook approximately eight to twelve minutes. Another way to prepare our friend, the red radish, is to stir fry them. Sliced radishes combine well with other vegetables and meat in stir-fries. Don't over cook them or they'll become mushy. Cook approximately three to five minutes.

As Cliff Claven would say, "It's a little known fact that ... " radishes were first cultivated thousands of years ago in China, then in Egypt and Greece. In Greece they were so highly regarded that gold replicas were made. (Now that's some serious radish lovers!)

So the next time you walk past radishes in the grocery store or at the market, back track a few steps and pick up a bunch or two. Or better yet, plant some in your garden this year. Radishes are one of the very first vegetables ready for harvest in the spring. They will in turn, ready your soil for other veggies! Give these little guys a chance again.

Avoid the Risk of Food Poisoning This

2009-11-19T00:44:00.000-08:00

Avoid the Risk of Food Poisoning This

Are you looking forward to a wonderful summer? Beaches, warm weather and of course - BBQ's.

Along with the relaxing atmosphere and ease of preparing a BBQ dinner or picnic for friends and family come some well known risks. You are likely aware that e. coli and salmonella can cause symptoms that range from mild discomfort to life threatening emergencies. But why is this more common during summertime meals and how can you protect your loved ones without ruining your summer?

During the summer when we are picnicking or having a BBQ we are not preparing a meal with the usual amenities we have in the house - sink, oven, fridge. Because of this we are more likely to forget to wash hands, store food properly or even grab a clean plate to serve food.

Here are some ways you can protect yourself from summertime dining outdoors:

SEPARATE

From the grocery store, to the cart, to the fridge, to the table - keep meats and other food separated.

Always wrap meats even when thawing to prevent the juices from dripping onto other foods, especially produce. Produce has been identified as a culprit in some food poisoning cases.

WASH

Wash hands, cutting boards, dishes and food.

Always wash your hands before and after preparing foods. Never serve cooked meat on the same plate or tray that you had it on when raw - make sure the resident BBQ expert is given a clean plate to place the finished product on. Also thoroughly clean knives and cutting boards. Ideally you should use a separate cutting board for bread and produce and another for meat products.

Wash produce in cold water and scrub thick skinned foods like cantaloupe as the bacteria can come in contact with the flesh of the fruit when being cut.

COLD and HOT

Keep cold food cold and hot food hot.

Food can normally last for two hours at room temperature, but that is decreased to one hour in warm weather. Cold food (potato salad, sandwiches etc.) should stay in the fridge until ready to serve. If the food must travel, be certain to use ice or commercial freezing gel packets. Hot food should also stay insulated.

When eating outdoors try to keep cold food in the shade and be sure warm food is wrapped and insulated.

When the food is no longer being eaten it should be returned to the ice box or insulated carrier. Food should remain hot or cold for as long as it is being served and then refrigerated in clean, covered containers. If you are not able to refrigerate it within a couple hours it is best to throw it out.

If you suspect a mild case of food poisoning than try to limit the foods you eat to the BRAT diet: bananas, rice, applesauce and toast. In more severe cases you should seek emergency treatment when there are signs of pain, vomiting for several hours or bloody diarrhea. Pregnant women, elderly, those with immune disorders and children are more at risk.

Food safety is an important part of a fun summer. Taking precautions will help you enjoy your meals and avoid serious consequences.

Where's the Beef?

2009-11-19T00:42:00.000-08:00

Where's the Beef?

There's a revolutionary idea "growing" in some science laboratories today - which if successful, could take the idea of eating chicken nuggets and other processed meats to a whole new level.

Hailed as a potential answer for the world's food shortage, agricultural scientists in Maryland have taken the cutting-edge technique of tissue engineering and applied it to food - specifically, meat. They're growing clumps of meat in the laboratory.

The idea is not a new one, and not as much like something out of a science fiction movie as it seems. In 1932, Winston Churchill wrote an essay and said "Fifty years hence we shall escape the absurdity of growing a whole chicken in order to eat the breast or wing by growing these parts separately under a suitable medium." Although it's been quite a bit longer than the 50 years he predicted, it looks as if Mr. Churchill's idea might just have some "meat" on it after all. In experiments done for NASA, small edible portions of fish have already been grown successfully from healthy fish tissues, which is believed to be a viable method of producing fresh food for astronauts during deep space missions in the not-too-distant future.

The process for culturing meat is actually a fairly simple one. Individual cells are placed into petri dishes and then grown into whole tissues. Of course, creating a small sample of fish, grown under specific conditions for a specific purpose is much different from producing enough meat to create even a single steak. That poses different challenges, all together.

In order to produce meat on a large scale for example, the "cultured" meat cells would have to be "grown" on large, thin sheets of membranes. The right combination of cells including muscle and fat would have to be combined, to create the right texture and taste. Another challenge is that, like any muscle, during this process the muscle cells would have to be "exercised" so that they would grow and stretch and not turn mushy.

Once that enough of the right kind of cells were "cultured", they would be removed from the membranes, combined into the right thickness, and then processed into meat products such hamburger.

Other questions that would have to be addressed before the meat was approved for human consumption would include the process used for harvesting the cells, the origins of the original cells, and the "ickiness" factor that would have to be overcome before consumers were ready to "chow down".

Researchers say that there are many advantages to meat that is grown in a laboratory. For one thing, it is better for the environment, because it would reduce the air pollution caused by raising livestock. (A recent report cited pollution caused by livestock raised for meat as causing 21% of the human-caused carbon dioxide in the world today). This "cultured meat" could also be engineered to be healthier than the meat grown on farms. For example, red meat is high in Omega 6, a fatty acid that causes high cholesterol. Using genetic engineering, Omega 3 could be added instead, which is healthier and better for you. Another advantage would be a reduced danger of food or animal-borne diseases, and none of the pesticides that are found in meat today would be in the lab meat. And finally, another point that researchers believe will be a strong selling point, is that no animals would have to be killed, something that many vegetarians see as "murder" and one of the leading reasons some people choose not to eat meat.

The biggest benefit, these visionaries say, is that some day a single cell could produce enough meat to feed the world for a year. According to one scientist, the demand for meat is growing every year. In China, for example, their consumption of meat doubles every ten years. In India, the consumption of chicken has doubled in only five years.

But don't expect to be able get tasty, tender cuts of lab-raised meat such as steaks or chops or even chicken-wings at your local grocery store any time soon. What is growing in Maryland right now is a more of a generic type of meat that has no structure and little taste, and at the moment, is extremely expensive to produce.

However, some universities have recently received grants to continue the research into this new possibility, and a group scientists have created a nonprofit organization, dedicated to reducing the environmental impact of food production. So it is entirely possible that in the future, consumers asking, "Where's the Beef?" may be looking towards the nearest laboratory, rather than Old McDonald's Farm.

Alternative Sweeteners For Sugar Free Desserts

2009-11-19T00:41:00.000-08:00

Alternative Sweeteners For Sugar Free Desserts

Do you have a sweet tooth? Do you crave sweet desserts? Have you ever felt like a sugar addict? Most desserts are packed full of sugar, and yet there is plenty of evidence that sugary desserts are not healthy foods.

You may decide to cut your sugar intake for a number of reasons:

To eat a more natural diet - sugar is a highly processed food, and our hunter gatherer ancestors did not evolve to eat such a concentrated source of 'empty calories'.
To assist in the control of your blood sugar - research shows that low sugar diets do help to control your blood sugar levels.
To lose weight. A high sugar intake is a diet buster, regardless of which weight loss diet you try.

So how can you satisfy your sweet tooth without sugar? There are a number of strategies:

Create desserts from fresh, unprocessed fruit, with no sweeteners added. Sugar free fruit salad is a classic example of this approach. There are a number of classic desserts that can be served in a version based on this theme, such as Ambrosia, Balsamic Berries and Minted Melon.
Cut out desserts, or only serve dessert as a very occasional treat. Believe it or not, even the strongest and most demanding sweet tooth will eventually quiet down, if your sugar addiction is not being fed.
Use alternative sweeteners. Which alternative sweetener you use will be influenced by your reasons for giving up sugar, and by your own taste buds.

Natural sweeteners include honey, and Stevia.

Honey is still a very concentrated food, and should be used very sparingly, if at all, if your goal is to control blood sugar or to lose weight. However, honey, in very small quantities, does still have its place in a natural foods diet.
Stevia is an extract from the leaf of the Stevia plant. It is intensely sweet, and only tiny amounts are needed to sweeten a dessert, so it's more suitable than honey for blood sugar control and weight loss. But there are a couple of catches with Stevia: It is approved as a supplement, rather than as a food additive, so you can only use it for foods that you sweeten yourself. And, depending on the brand, it can have a slightly 'liquorice' taste. It's well worth experimenting with different brands, to find the brand most acceptable to your taste. Generally speaking, the white extracts have less taste. Oh yes, and watch out for the fillers! There's not much point in using a low-calorie / low-carb sweetener like Stevia if it's a brand that's packed with a high-calorie / high-carb fillers, so remember to read the labels.

Artificial sweeteners include saccharine, aspartame and Splenda. It's worth bearing in mind that some people are sensitive to one or more artificial sweeteners, and report headaches and other side effects. Whether or not you use them is ultimately your decision. Many people have decided that when the only drinks available are artificially sweetened diet drinks or sugary drinks, that for them, the artificial sweetener is the lesser of the two evils.

If you're cooking with artificial sweeteners, read the label and avoid those with high calorie / high-carb fillers. But don't bother cooking with aspartame - its sweetness disappears with the heat of the cooking. This is why aspartame is mainly used for drinks. And it's worth noting that if you'd like to reduce your artificial sweetener usage, but don't like the taste of Stevia, a combination of Splenda and Stevia is pleasantly sweet and virtually tasteless - somehow the Splenda 'smoothes out' the Stevia flavor.

Ultimately, it's a personal decision which sweeteners or combination of sweeteners that you use, but with the range of alternative sweeteners available you can make delicious sugar-free choices.

Learning About Delicious Sushi!

2009-11-19T00:40:00.000-08:00

Learning About Delicious Sushi!

Would you like to try sushi? With the rise in popularity of sushi in western countries you may be invited by friends to join them at the local sushi bar. While you may be anxious about the prospect of eating anything raw, don't worry, all you need is a little bit of information to take the anxiety away from the experience and enjoy this wonderful delicacy.

Sushi is a very simple dish, although the making of it is considered an art form. The Itamae (sushi chef) traditionally needs to train for 10 years before being hired to prepare sushi. However, the popularity of sushi has forced the hiring of chefs with only a few years experience.

There are four main types of sushi you can order:

Nigiri sushi: nigiri means "grab". These are hand pressed balls of rice with raw fish on top and bit of wasabi between the fish and rice.

Sashimi: sliced raw fish (technically not sushi since the term sushi refers to the rice and sashimi is not prepared with any rice).

Maki sushi: maki means "roll". The maki sushi is rolled with bamboo mats. Traditionally the seaweed is on the outside; rice on the outside is called 'inside-out' (ie: California roll).

Temaki is a hand rolled version of Maki. It is cone shaped like an ice cream cone.

Sushi comes in an amazing variety of combinations, however you'll find these common ingredients or garnishes with nearly every version:

The word sushi actually refers to The rice, also called 'sticky rice'. Sushi rice is short grained and cooked with a 1:1 ratio of water. Sushi vinegar and sugar is added which makes the rice both sweet and tart.

Wasabi: Japanese horseradish. Often served as a green paste alongside your sushi as an additional condiment; a word of caution - wasabi is VERY hot, so use it sparingly while developing a taste for it.

Gari: Thinly sliced, pickled ginger is also served with sushi. Some use it as a garnish although it is technically to refresh your palette between bites.

Nori: The seaweed sheets used to roll rice for sushi.

Soya Sauce (Shoyu): used as a dipping sauce. The wasabi can also be mixed with the soya sauce for those who enjoy the intense flavor.

Sushi can be made with a single ingredient or several. Single ingredients include avocado, cucumber (kappa), tuna (tekka or maguro) or salmon (sake - but not the rice wine). There are also many modernized combinations designed to please American palettes. These include the California roll made with avocado, crab, and cucumber and the Philadelphia roll made with smoked salmon, cream cheese, and cucumber.

As you can see, despite the unusual presentation you can easily find identifiable and delicious combinations you are sure to enjoy. Despite what you may think, the nori (seaweed) has very little flavor and is nearly undetectable when combined with the flavors of the sushi and the addition of soya sauce or wasabi. In fact, like many other converts, you may just have found yourself a new addiction!

Sushi is Ideal for Healthy Diets

2009-11-19T00:39:00.000-08:00

Sushi is Ideal for Healthy Diets

Sushi, popular for centuries in Japan, has become immensely popular in the Western world in recent years. You may soon find yourself invited to enjoy sushi with friends at a sushi bar or restaurant. Despite the common reaction of distaste at the prospect of eating raw fish, sushi is actually a simple and delicious food that can easily be enjoyed by adults, children, vegetarians and even the extremely squeamish.

Although sushi's history goes back to the 7th century, the popular form that is served in modern sushi bars came into popularity in 1820, Tokyo. Variations of the lengthy pickling process that was the original variety of sushi were made so that sushi could be enjoyed freshly made from a portable stall. This 'fast-food' approach has resulted in Sushi Bars gaining popularity all over the world.

Sushi is a very healthy meal made mostly with rice, fish and vegetables. Sushi should always be made with fresh ingredients. Not only for the safety of the eater but for the flavors. The delicate flavors of rice, vegetables and fish are enhanced with healthy soya sauce, ginger and wasabi.

What are the health benefits of sushi?

The thin, toasted seaweed sheets, called Nori, used in rolled (maki) sushi are high in Vitamin A, B-complex, Niacin and Vitamin C. It is also good for digestion.

The rice used in making sushi, while not as healthy as brown rice, is still low in fat and sodium free while also being a complex carbohydrate which is needed as fuel for your body.

The various fish or meats used in sushi are excellent sources of protein and minerals.

Whether you're eating vegetarian sushi or it is mixed with fish, the fresh, uncooked vegetables provide the vitamins and other nutrients you look for in a healthy diet.

Even the condiments served with sushi have health benefits.

While soya sauce has come under attack for certain additives that pose a potential health risk, naturally fermented soya sauce does not have this danger. Soya, the main ingredient in soya sauce, has been linked to lower breast cancer and fewer menopausal symptoms in Asian cultures who use soy as a staple in their diets. Soya is a source of high quality protein, low in saturated fats and is cholesterol free. Soya sauce is high in salt although low sodium versions are also available for those who require it.

Ginger, called 'gari', is often served alongside sushi and helps with digestion while also fighting bacteria. This is especially of interest to those concerned with the bacteria found in uncooked meat.

Wasabi, Japanese horseradish, can also kill bacteria found in raw fish and is often provided alongside sushi servings as a garnish or is included as in nigiri sushi.

If you are looking for a fast-food meal that is healthy or you just enjoy the flavors and art form of sushi, you are sure to benefit from a visit to your local sushi bar.

White Bread vs Whole Wheat - Any Questions?

2009-11-19T00:38:00.000-08:00

White Bread vs Whole Wheat - Any Questions?

For any kid who grew up eating doughy, thick Wonder Bread for lunch, the encouragement by dietitians and nutritionists to switch to whole wheat bread can be a tough transition.

Bread, like any other part of our diet, is an acquired taste. Starting out early helps since children are much more adaptable to accepting foods than adults. This does not mean that children LIKE as many foods as adults - children are renowned picky eaters. But if you only expose them to healthy, whole grain foods they won't have the opportunity to develop a taste for white bread or other non-nutritious foods.

Adults, however, must learn to change their diet preferences because of knowledge. Understanding why whole wheat is superior to white bread can help you feel good about the compromise and encourage you to make it the standard for your children. Who knows - you may even like it!

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?

The two biggest differences between white bread and whole wheat are the processing and the nutritional value.

Flour is made from wheat berries. The wheat berry is made up of the bran, the germ and the endosperm. All parts are filled with nutrients and are used in whole wheat flour.

White bread on the other hand, uses only the endosperm - the starchy inner layer. There is a total of 30 nutrients missing in white bread. The nutritional difference is immense and has measurable impact on our health.

WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF SWITCHING?

The fiber content of whole wheat bread has several health benefits.

Fiber helps the digestive system. It also creates a 'full' sensation and thus can help with weight control. Research has been conducted by Harvard and other organizations that shows men and women who eat high-fiber foods have less heart attacks and strokes than those who don't.

There is also an increased risk of diabetes in children who eat refined white flour - a risk that has been proven by the increase in cases of childhood diabetes.

WHAT DO I LOOK FOR?

Watch out for words like 'wheat flour' or 'enriched wheat flour' as they can be mostly made from white flour with just a small amount of whole wheat added in.

Look for 'whole wheat' or other whole grains, like oat. And don't be mislead by the name of the product. Names like wheat, whole bran, stoned wheat, 12 grain and others are still mostly white flour. The only way to know for sure is to read the label.

Why Choose Organic Foods?

2009-11-18T10:47:00.002-08:00

Why Choose Organic Foods?

Are you concerned that the food you are eating may be harmful to you and your family? With news reports about GM (genetically modified) foods, health scares about eating beef, chemicals on food affecting people's health and the intelligence of children, it's no wonder that many are looking to organic foods as an option.

WHAT IS ORGANIC FARMING?

Organic farming produces plant and animal foods without the excessive use of chemicals. It focuses on using fertile soil along with a variety of crops to maintain healthy growing conditions which produce a food with more nutrients and less chemicals than typical commercial foods. Organic farming prohibits the growing of GM foods, a controversial issue among commercial growers.

Animals reared on organic farms are treated properly with room to behave like animals and are fed healthy food sources not laden with drugs and other chemicals.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF ORGANIC FOODS?

One of the common benefits proclaimed about organic foods is that they taste better - but there are many other benefits to incorporating organic foods into your diet. Besides the physical benefits to you there are environmental benefits and benefits to the animals and people who live and work on the farms.

HEALTH BENEFITS

Organic foods prevent people from ingesting regular amounts of pesticides and insecticides commonly found in commercial products. Animals are not routinely given antibiotics and other medication which enters the food supply to humans. Some research suggests that this excessive use of chemicals in food can be linked to increased health problems and interferes with the healthy development of children.

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

Organic food also protects the planet. Organic farming ensures that bio-diversity remains available in the foods we eat and the wildlife that live on the farms. Fruits and vegetables are naturally available in 100's of varieties. Commercial growing limits the variety of each food available by mass producing only a handful. Many species of birds, insects and other animals are affected by the chemicals and farming conditions used in growing commercial foods.

Organic farms grow a mix of crops and promote a balanced ecosystem including insects that protect crops from pests and worms and other micro-organisms which fertilize the soil.

HUMAN AND ANIMAL BENEFITS

Organic farming is considered 'sustainable' farming. The workers and the animals are not as exposed to dangerous toxins or working and living conditions. This enables people to continue growing healthy foods for the rest of society without reliance on huge machinery and chemicals.

The animals raised on organic farms are not subject to the terrible living conditions imposed on commercially reared animals who often live in exceedingly small spaces without the freedom to move or interact. These unhealthy conditions lead to a spreading of illness which is combated with regular doses of antibiotics.

On organic farms the animals' needs are given priority. Healthy food, clean living conditions and freedom to behave like animals means healthier animals. When animals are sick they are cared for individually according to their actual needs.

Organic, sustainable farming protects humans, animals and the environment. Increasing the demand for organic products will encourage this form of farming and ensure that the food supply available to our children is a healthy one.

The Revival of Spelt is Good News for Your Health

2009-11-18T10:47:00.001-08:00

The Revival of Spelt is Good News for Your Health

WHAT IS SPELT?

Spelt is one of the oldest grains known to mankind. Grown as far back as 5000 BC, the spelt grain has hardly changed from that time until today. In fact, spelt was even referred to in the Bible, mentioned in both Exodus 9:32 and Ezekiel 4:9.

While still common in many parts of the world, including Europe, spelt lost popularity in America as commercial growers looked for higher yield crops to provide for mass production.

It is the integrity of modern spelt to the original grain that has rekindled interest of those looking for a more nutritious alternative to the highly processed grains currently available.

HOW SPELT COMPARES TO WHEAT

Unlike the wheat most Americans have come to know, spelt has not been changed for centuries. Wheat production in America demanded higher gluten for commercial foods and a plant that was easy to grow and harvest. With these changes much of the wheat grown lost its nutritious value and became easy targets to pests requiring pesticides and insecticides to protect it during growth.

Spelt became less popular because of its hard outer husk which made it difficult to process. However, this husk protects the spelt from pests and pollutants and helps the grain to maintain its nutrient value.

The spelt grain is high in fibre and has more protein than conventional wheat. It is full of amino acids and a good source of B vitamins. Spelt is easier to digest than regular wheat and has a subtle nutty flavor that many appreciate.

One of the most desirable qualities of this nutritious and tasty grain is that individuals with allergies to wheat may be able to tolerate spelt grains and products.

WHERE CAN YOU GET SPELT?

Spelt is sold through organic health food stores. You can buy spelt grain, whole grain and white flours. Spelt products also include pasta, hot or cold cereals, cookies, crackers, bread, muffins, cakes and pancake mixes.

ADAPTING RECIPES FOR SPELT GRAIN

When baking with spelt you will need to adapt the recipe to account for the difference between spelt and traditional wheat. Increasing the amount of flour or decreasing the amount of liquids will enable you to use spelt in most recipes asking for wheat.

Spelt needs to be soaked overnight before cooking. Cover with water and bring to a boil. Let it simmer in a covered pot for an hour.

THE CASE FOR SPELT

Spelt has many features that make it stand out as the ecologically and nutritionally superior grain available. The tough husk means it can be grown without pesticides and insecticides and helps preserve freshness when stored. Its high nutritional value can't be compared to hybrid wheat currently produced and it appears to be easier for the body to tolerate.

Spelt is not new to the world, but if you haven't tried it before, now is the time to introduce yourself to the oldest secret to healthy eating!

The Best Way To Cook Your Freshly Caught Fish

2009-11-18T10:45:00.000-08:00

The Best Way To Cook Your Freshly Caught Fish

A freshly caught fish can be cooked in a thousand and one ways. Any fisherman worth his salt has his own unique way of cooking a freshly caught trout, salmon or whatever fish he caught. So fisherman all across the country has been handed down methods of cooking fish. Here are some tips to get the best out of your fish.

1. Frying

Breading and frying a freshly caught fish is as good as it gets. The smell of butter emanating from the frying pan and the flair a fisherman puts in flipping his catch is worth its weight in gold, almost. For the novice fisherman, make sure that the butter is extra hot but not yet burning. Also, make sure that the fish is well coated in batter. Season your batter to your heart's content, salt and pepper never goes wrong. You may want to try other herbs and spices with the batter for a more delicious fish.

2. Grilling

At first glance, grilling would seem to be the easiest way to handle your fish. A newbie might assume that grilling fish is the same as grilling steaks or burgers. Unlike fowl or cattle, fish tends to secret most of its own juices when cooked. On a grill the delicious juice drips into the coals.

To prevent losing the moisture, first coat the fish with oil. The oil will seal a part of the moisture inside. Second, keep an eye on the fillets and turn them as soon as a cut would reveal that the fresh fish is cooked halfway through. After being flipped, watch the fish carefully. Remove the fish as soon as it is cooked through.

An option to basting the fish with oil is to wrap it in aluminum foil. The aluminum foil will keep the moisture and marinate the fish in its own moisture. Placing herbs and spices inside the foil with the fish enhances the grilling process and the fish itself.

3. Baking

Baking is the best option for the fisherman who does not want to watch over the fish during cooking. The fisherman can prepare the marinade and pre-heat the oven, then pop the fish into the oven for a predetermined amount of time. You may want to check on the fish from the time to time, ensuring that you don't overcook the fish.

Whatever fish you caught, a good recipe and proper cooking will for sure enhance the catch. Take time to prepare for cooking, a badly cooked fish will no doubt spoil your day. Remember the first rule of cooking, don't overcook your fish.

Banana Fruit: Plantain Health Benefits

2009-11-18T09:02:00.002-08:00

Banana Fruit: Plantain Health Benefits

Banana and longevity. Folk physicians of ancient Persia and India regarded this golden fruit as natures secret of perpetual youth. Even today, banana is known to promote healthy digestion and create a feeling of youthfulness. It enhances calcium, phosphorous and nitrogen retention which in turn helps in the regeneration of healthy tissues.

Banana (or Plantain) health food. The banana is of great nutritional value. It has a rare combination of energy value, tissue-building elements, protein, vitamins and minerals. It is a good source of calories since it is rich in solids and low in water content as compared to any other fresh fruit.

Banana for energy. A large banana supplies more than 100 calories. It contains a large amount of sugar that can be easily assimilated by the body. This makes it a good source of quick of quick energy and an excellent means to recover from fatigue. The use of bananas has been found beneficial in the treatments of several medical conditions such as intestinal disorders, constipation, arthritis, gout, anemia, allergies, kidney stones, tuberculosis and urinary disorders.

Home Remedies with Bananas

Eat banana at night to get relief from constipation. If suffering from diarrhea you can use raw bananas. Boil the raw banana, mash it and add a pinch of salt and butter. Eat it to get relief from diarrhea.

Banana or plantain has been widely used as an anti-wrinkle treatment. Mash 1/4 banana till it becomes a smooth paste. Cover your face with it and leave it for 15-20 minutes before rinsing with warm water followed by splashes of cold water. Pat it dry.

Mash one ripe banana in one cup of milk and drink it at least 2-3 times a day to treat skin allergies.

You can use banana peel inside out for treatment of warts. Use the peel inside out and cover the wart by taping it. Once the peel turns black remove and continue this for some weeks to get relief from wart.

You can use banana peel for treating poison ivy rashes. Rub the peel inside out over the rashes; it soothes the skin to provide a cooling effect.

Banana peel can be used if you have bruised yourself. Tape it overnight to see the positive results in the morning.

To get rid of hangover you can drink banana milk shake mixed with honey. Banana helps in soothing the stomach and body.

If you are pregnant, and want to avoid leg cramps, eat bananas before going to bed.

Eat three bananas a day to prevent ulcers. It will help to soothe your stomach and reduce the ulcer pain.

Consuming a banana after every meal helps in reducing the heartburn.

To decrease menstrual bleeding drink the mixture of boiled banana flower with buttermilk.

Consuming two tablespoons of burnt banana leaves mixed with honey helps relief hiccups.

Rubbing banana peel inside out is the best remedy for mosquito bites.

Bananas can help Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) sufferers as it contains natural mood enhancers and trypotophan.

It contains high levels of Vitamin C, A1, B6, and B12 which helps people give up smoking. The potassium and magnesium found in bananas helps the body recover from the effects of withdrawal symptoms.

Eat bananas in every form ripe, raw, cooked, milkshakes and desserts. It helps in treating many ailments related to your body.

Drinking extract from the stem attached to the banana cluster helps kill tuberculosis bacteria.

To combat alcohol addiction drink a small glass of the boiled mixture consisting of 3 banana peels, Tabasco, water or milk from 1 coconut, brown sugar or sugar loaf to taste. Let it ferment for 3 days and add snifter of liquor. Do this for nine days.

Warning: The reader of this article should exercise all precautionary measures while following instructions on the home remedies from this article. Avoid using any of these products if you are allergic to it. The responsibility lies with the reader and not with the site or the writer.

Espresso Coffee Tips For Your Inner Barista

2009-11-18T09:02:00.001-08:00

Espresso Coffee Tips For Your Inner Barista

Living in Australia, we're pretty blessed to have espresso coffee available in most cafe's and shops. Thanks to a strong Italian influence, especially in the development of early 'cafe culture', espresso style coffee is very mainstream, and has been for over 25 years.

I do believe that once you've had this Italian style coffee, it is hard to go back to regular drip filter coffee, although French plunger coffee can be fantastic too. Of course, when you need a 'pick-me-up', any coffee will do!

What is the difference between drip and espresso coffee? Italian coffee is made very differently. It uses a high pressure to force water through the ground beans. Interestingly, whilst the water is very hot, it is not boiling. And the beans themselves are ground very fine and smooth. Contrary to some commercial presentation, this style of coffee is not dependant on one type of bean or roast. It is the process of making the beverage that makes it espresso coffee, nothing else. When a cafe refers to a dark, or stronger roast as an espresso roast, it is no more than an idiosyncrasy of marketing. All coffee beans used to make Italian coffee could be called espresso beans or roasts.

Espresso coffee has a foamy, creamy top made of protein, vegetable oils, and sugars. These all come from the beans, as do the dissolved solid that make up a higher percentage in Italian coffee. This process of coffee making produces a beautiful, intense flavor and aroma.

There is both an art and a science to making a good cup of espresso coffee. Modern coffee chains, particularly the franchises, use standardized temperatures and methods, whereas in Italian communities it is a combination of experience, intuition, individuality, and tradition. The franchises don't even come close to the quality of the coffee made by a good barista using the traditional Italian approach. Having said that, there are a lot of ordinary (and some downright bad) baristas out there who could possibly do well with following a more standardized approach.

To make good espresso coffee, you have to be careful about the temperature of the water used. If it is too cool, the result will be sour. If it is too hot, it can be bitter. Similarly, if you are heating milk to mix with it, burning or overheating the milk will affect the quality of the drink. This is particularly true when using soy milk - overheating it can cause it to separate, and the taste is very bitter and unpleasant. Unfortunately, this is sometimes the case with inexperienced baristas.

The shot of coffee made by the espresso coffee maker also has to be used immediately. When it is left for any length of time, it begins to oxidize, and the quality deteriorates. Most commercial coffee houses have policies taking this into account. And it's a good thing to remember if you're making coffee with home equipment.

Four Cup Coffee Makers - Value Or Not?

2009-11-18T09:01:00.002-08:00

Four Cup Coffee Makers - Value Or Not?

Whilst looking to buy a four cup coffee maker should be an easy task, there is some trade-off in the quality of both the coffee maker and the coffee they make when compared to more expensive, larger brewers.

A common problem many people encounter is spillage. Sometimes the design of the spout is poor, resulting in coffee spilled all over the bench when trying to pour a cup. If the spout is small, as it seems to be with the 4 cup coffee maker designs, the only solution here is just to pour more slowly, or pour over the sink if you're in a hurry or half asleep in the morning.

In other instances, the coffee basket retains a lot of moisture. This leads to moisture dripping on the hot plate after you remove the carafe. Whilst not a big problem, this can be annoying, and means a little extra cleaning.

Some four cup coffee makers have a delay brew feature which you can set up to 24 hours in advance. This can be great if you want to wake up to an already brewed cup in the morning. Be aware, though, that there can be problems with the timer. Some customers who have used Mr. Coffee's 4-Cup Programmable Coffeemaker found that the timer lost a few minutes each day, although others have reported no problems.

Many 4 cup coffee makers don't seem to hold up to heavy daily use. This could be because they are generally cheaper, in which case, simply updating your coffee maker every year shouldn't pose too much of a problem. But if you like to use the brewer more than once a day, you may want to invest in a bigger model and just use a smaller amount of water. This can also solve the problems of coffee quality that many people find is sacrificed when using a smaller model.

If you start by using about 1 tablespoon of coffee per cup of water, you can easily tailor smaller quantities of coffee to the larger models.

One thing to be aware of is that often the cup sizes specified by manufacturers is smaller than the average sup of coffee we drink. So, a 4 cup coffee maker may actually only be a 2 to 2.5 cup.

Four cup coffee makers are compact, and can look stylish. They offer an advantage to students in dorms, and those with very small bench tops. But if you're serious about the taste of your coffee, these cheaper models often taste a little metallic, or like plastic. The strength of the brew can be difficult to control, and the additional features don't always work as reliably as the manufacturers claim. Some models don't even have a warmer, meaning you'll have to either microwave your coffee or store in a thermos to keep it hot. Other problems can lie in whether the portable coffee cups actually don't spill in the car. Decide what is most important to you - size of the maker, the quality of the coffee, the price of the model, certain individual features, or the availability of things like filters. Once you know what is most important to you, it becomes easier to narrow down the decision.

Say Yes To Fruits And Veggies For Weight Loss

2009-11-18T09:01:00.001-08:00

Say Yes To Fruits And Veggies For Weight Loss

It's good news for Americans; more and more obese people are turning to fruits and veggies for slimming down. They have suddenly lost interest in low carbohydrate diets. A recent survey by the American Institute of Cancer Research saw four out of five health conscious people pick salads and fruits to satiate hunger.

The obesity levels in US is fast growing and a diet change among people who are overweight or obese sound good news to the health experts trying to battle Obesity. Many fad diets advertise on TV or the net and win a lot of obese diet planners. Some times they complete the diet program, lose weight and put on almost double the weight they had. Few others leave it half way through. And lots of them get bored eating food low in carbs or high in proteins all the time. With fruits and vegetables, the scope is certainly wider.

Do Fruits and Veggies help weight loss?

Hundred percent. You can add a fruit as the snack of the day and thus skip high calorie fried snacks during day time. When you are having lunch, a salad starter would fill you up fast. In this diet you are not restricted to any particular food type but are free to have everything in moderation. What is striking is that salads at the beginning of a meal help you eat less for the main course and fruits before the desserts protect you from overdoing the sweet intake. Not all, both salads and fruits are good for your health and supply nutrients in the form of minerals and vitamins.

While following some diet programs which are based on high proteins or low carbs, you miss out on many nutrients which your body needs. Sometimes you suffer from malnutrition as well. The fruit and vegetable diet has no side effects and adding beans and whole grains to the diet can only make you healthy. They are high in fiber and low in calories. Fruits and veggies give you a feeling of fullness without consuming food high in fat or calories. They also protect you against chronic diseases like cancer.

The Obesity Threat

Health organizations worldwide are taking drastic steps to control the obesity epidemic. Childhood obesity is another budding tension for the health experts. Parents should encourage the children to consume more salads and fruits in their day to day diet. Children should not survive on high fat cheesy burgers and shakes. It is good to see that certain burger joints are taking an extra effort to add low fat burgers and food to the menus. Isn't it time we got together and made a difference by encouraging low calorie food at home and by helping children get addicted to the healthy fruits and salads.

What Is Fairtrade Food?

2009-11-18T09:00:00.001-08:00

What Is Fairtrade Food?

This means that Fairtrade goods are often more expensive in the UK than those without the Fairtrade logo. Although people are now arguing that supermarkets are fuelling their excessive profits by adding large mark-ups to these products This premium that the producer charges covers the basic food, housing, health and education needs of the local communities in countries such as India and Brazil. The Foundation awards a consumer label, the Fairtrade Mark, to products which meet internationally recognised standards of Fairtrade. It is the only such certification in the UK.

Examples of Fairtrade products:

Fairtrade coffee
Tea
Chocolate
Bananas
Honey
Sugar
Fruit Juice
Wine and Snacks

The list of goods certified Fairtrade is growing daily as is the range of products available. The co-op changed all their own brand chocolate to Fairtrade a few years ago and now all the other big supermarkets are beginning to move into the Fairtrade market. Nestle have just released a Fairtrade brand. There has been huge controversy over this as many people are asking how a company that is subject to a boycott can pertain to have Fairtrade and therefore ethical principles?

Why buy Fairtrade?

Millions of small farmers around the world cannot get enough money to feed their families, send their children to school or invest just a few pounds into their farm. This is because people want to buy the cheapest goods possible and don’t think about the people that working in poor condition and often receive less than £1 per day in wages.

Buying products that display the Fairtrade logo ensures that the producers of products such as tea, coffee and chocolate receive a decent income. Rather than being hit by the ever-changing price of their product on the world market, or being fleeced by a middleman who takes a chunky share of the profits, producers in a Fair Trade scheme are guaranteed a decent, stable price for their produce.

By buying Fair trade products that buy direct from farmers at better prices, consumers are improving the lives of producers all over the world. In Eithiopia, farmers can often get more then twice the price for their fair trade coffee then those that sell it on the open market. This extra money enables the farmers to educate their children and to break the cycle of poverty.

Many people struggle to find a reason not to support Fairtrade. Fairtrade is about better prices, decent working conditions, local sustainability, and fair terms of trade for farmers. Fair trade is not about charity, it is about settling the imbalance which exists.

How do I know its Fairtrade?

Look for the Fairtrade Mark when you shop and make the choice to support small farmers and workers in the developing world, and encourage your workplace to switch to Fairtrade tea and coffee.

	Persons who work directly with the organism in the laboratory
	Persons who work with imported animal hides or furs in areas where standards are insufficient to prevent exposure to anthrax spores.
	Persons who handle potentially infected animal products in high-incidence areas. (Incidence is low in the United States, but veterinarians who travel to work in other countries where incidence is higher should consider being vaccinated.)
	Military personnel deployed to areas with high risk for exposure to the organism (as when it is used as a biological warfare weapon).